GRB 221009A: An ordinary nearby GRB with extraordinary observational properties

Abstract

The gamma-ray burst GRB 221009A, known as the ``brightest-of-all-time" (BOAT), is the closest energetic burst detected so far, with an energy of $E_{\gamma ,\mathrm{iso}}\sim 10^{55}$ ergs. This study aims to assess its compatibility with known GRB energy and luminosity distributions. Our analysis indicates that the energy/luminosity function of GRBs is consistent across various redshift intervals, and that the inclusion of GRB 221009A does not significantly impact the function at low redshifts. Additionally, our evaluation of the best-fitting result of the entire GRB sample suggests that the expected number of GRBs with energy greater than $10^{55}$ ergs at a low redshift is 0.2, so that the emergence of GRB 221009A is consistent with expected energy/luminosity functions within $\sim 2\sigma$ Poisson fluctuation error, still adhering to the principles of small number statistics. Furthermore, we find that GRB 221009A and other energetic bursts, defined as $E_{\gamma ,\mathrm{iso}}\gtrsim 10^{54}\mathrm{ergs}$, exhibit no significant differences in terms of distributions of $T_{90}$, minimum timescale, Amati relation, $E_{\gamma ,\mathrm{iso}}$-$E_{\mathrm{X},\mathrm{iso}}$ relation, $L_{\gamma ,\mathrm{iso}}-{\Gamma }_0$ relation, $E_{\gamma ,\mathrm{iso}}-{\Gamma }_0$ relation, $L_{\gamma ,\mathrm{iso}}-E_{\mathrm{p},\mathrm{i}}-{\Gamma }_0$ relation, and host galaxy properties, compared to normal long GRBs. This suggests that energetic GRBs (including GRB 221009A) and other long GRBs likely have similar progenitor systems and undergo similar energy dissipation and radiation processes. The generation of energetic GRBs may be due to more extreme central engine properties or, more likely, a rarer viewing configuration of a quasi-universal structured jet.

Submitted to AAS journal

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• Constraints on Axion-like Particles from the Observation of GRB 221009A by LHAASO
• Towards a model of photon-axion conversion in the host galaxy of GRB 221009A
• GRB 221009A and the Apparently Most Energetic Gamma-Ray Bursts
• Comparative Statistical Analysis of Prompt and Afterglow X-Ray Flares in Gamma-Ray Bursts: Insights into Extended Central Engine Activity
• On the Feasibility of Deriving Pseudo-Redshifts of Gamma-ray Bursts from Two Phenomenological Correlations
• Extreme value distribution for gamma-ray-burst prompt data -- How unexpected was the BOAT event?