Positive or Negative? The Impact of X-ray Feedback on the Formation of Direct Collapse Black Hole Seeds

Abstract

A nearby source of Lyman-Werner (LW) photons is thought to be a central component in dissociating H${}_2$ and allowing for the formation of a direct collapse black hole seed. Nearby sources are also expected to produce copious amounts of hydrogen ionising photons and X-ray photons. We study here the feedback effects of the X-ray photons by including a spectrum due to high-mass X-ray binaries on top of a galaxy with a stellar spectrum. We explicitly trace photon packages emerging from the nearby source and track the radiative and chemical effects of the multi-frequency source $(E_{\mathrm{photon}}=0.76\mathrm{eV}\to 7500\mathrm{eV}$). We find that X-rays have a strongly negative feedback effect, compared to a stellar only source, when the radiative source is placed at a separation greater than $\gtrsim 1\mathrm{kpc}$. The X-rays heat the low and medium density gas in the envelope surrounding the collapsing halo suppressing the mass inflow. The result is a smaller enclosed mass compared to the stellar only case. However, for separations of $\lesssim 1\mathrm{kpc}$, the feedback effects of the X-rays becomes somewhat neutral. The enhanced LW intensity at close separations dissociates more H${}_2$ and this gas is heated due to stellar photons alone, the addition of X-rays is then not significant. This distance dependence of X-ray feedback suggests that a Goldilocks zone exists close to a forming galaxy where X-ray photons have a much smaller negative feedback effect and ideal conditions exist for creating massive black hole seeds.

16 pages, 11 figures. MNRAS Accepted

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Cited by in corpus (16)

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