The formation of compact massive self-gravitating discs in metal-free haloes with virial temperatures of ~ 13000-30000 K

Abstract

We have used the hydrodynamical AMR code ENZO to investigate the dynamical evolution of the gas at the centre of dark matter haloes with virial velocities of ~ 20 - 30 kms and virial temperatures of ~ 13000-30000 K at z ~ 15 in a cosmological context. The virial temperature of the dark matter haloes is above the threshold where atomic cooling by hydrogen allows the gas to cool and collapse. We neglect cooling by molecular hydrogen and metals, as may be plausible if H_2 cooling is suppressed by a meta-galactic Lyman-Werner background or an internal source of Lyman-Werner photons, and metal enrichment has not progressed very far. The gas in the haloes becomes gravitationally unstable and develops turbulent velocities comparable to the virial velocities of the dark matter haloes. Within a few dynamical times it settles into a nearly isothermal density profile over many decades in radius losing most of its angular momentum in the process. About 0.1 - 1 % of the baryons, at the centre of the dark matter haloes, collapse into a self-gravitating, fat, ellipsoidal, centrifugally supported exponential disc with scale-length of ~ 0.075-0.27 pc and rotation velocities of 25-60 kms. We are able to follow the settling of the gas into centrifugal support and the dynamical evolution of the compact disc in each dark matter halo for a few dynamical times. The dynamical evolution of the gas at the centre of the haloes is complex. In one of the haloes the gas at the centre fragments into a triple system leading to strong tidal perturbations and eventually to the in-fall of a secondary smaller clump into the most massive primary clump. The formation of centrifugally supported self-gravitating massive discs is likely to be an important intermediary stage en route to the formation of a massive black hole seed.

arXiv commentRe-submitted to MNRAS taking into account the referee's suggestions for moderate revision. 16 pages, 11 figures

References in corpus (45)

• First Year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) Observations: Determination of Cosmological Parameters
• A Fundamental Relation Between Supermassive Black Holes and Their Host Galaxies
• Mass function of dark matter halos
• A Cosmological Framework for the Co-Evolution of Quasars, Supermassive Black Holes, and Elliptical Galaxies: I. Galaxy Mergers & Quasar Activity
• The Formation of the First Star in the Universe
• A Unified Model for the Evolution of Galaxies and Quasars
• The Formation of the First Stars. I. The Primordial Star Forming Cloud
• The Assembly and Merging History of Supermassive Black Holes in Hierarchical Models of Galaxy Formation
• The First Stars
• A Survey of z>5.8 Quasars in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey I: Discovery of Three New Quasars and the Spatial Density of Luminous Quasars at z~6
• A universal angular momentum profile for galactic halos
• A unified model for AGN feedback in cosmological simulations of structure formation
• Formation of Supermassive Black Holes by Direct Collapse in Pregalactic Halos
• Formation of the First Supermassive Black Holes
• Observational constraints on Cosmic Reionization
• Forming the First Stars in the Universe: The Fragmentation of Primordial Gas
• Direct cosmological simulations of the growth of black holes and galaxies
• The Formation and Fragmentation of Primordial Molecular Clouds
• Self-Consistent Models of the AGN and Black Hole Populations: Duty Cycles, Accretion Rates, and the Mean Radiative Efficiency
• The Nature of Ultra-Luminous Compact X-Ray Sources in Nearby Spiral Galaxies
• Supermassive black hole formation during the assembly of pre-galactic discs
• The spin and shape of dark matter haloes in the Millennium simulation of a LambdaCDM universe
• Second-Generation Objects in the Universe: Radiative Cooling and Collapse of Halos with Virial Temperatures Above 10^4 Kelvin
• Rapid growth of high redshift black holes
• The evolution of massive black hole seeds
• A synthesis model for AGN evolution: supermassive black holes growth and feedback modes
• The abundance and clustering of dark haloes in the standard Lambda CDM cosmogony
• Massive black hole seeds from low angular momentum material
• Axisymmetric, 3-Integral Models of Galaxies: A Massive Black Hole in NGC3379
• Population III star formation in a Lambda CDM universe, I: The effect of formation redshift and environment on protostellar accretion rate
• The Halo Mass Function: High-Redshift Evolution and Universality
• Population III star formation in a Lambda CDM universe, II: Effects of a photodissociating background
• Resolving the Formation of Protogalaxies. II. Central Gravitational Collapse
• Old and Young X-ray Point Source Populations in Nearby Galaxies
• First Structure Formation: I. Primordial Star Forming Regions in hierarchical models
• Suppression of H_2 Cooling in the Ultraviolet Background
• Tracing the cosmological assembly of stars and supermassive black holes in galaxies
• Evolution in the black hole mass-bulge mass relation: a theoretical perspective
• Dynamical evolution of intermediate mass black holes and their observable signatures in the nearby Universe
• Gravitational recoil: signatures on the massive black hole population
• The First Miniquasar
• Joint Cosmological Formation of QSOs and Bulge-dominated Galaxies
• A Variable Ultraluminous Supersoft X-ray Source in "The Antennae": Stellar-Mass Black Hole or White Dwarf?
• Relic Black Holes In Galactic Nuclei
• The Eclipsing ULX in NGC 3379

Cited by in corpus (89)

• The First Galaxies
• Supermassive Black Hole Formation by Direct Collapse: Keeping Protogalactic Gas H_2--Free in Dark Matter Halos with Virial Temperatures T_vir >~ 10^4 K
• The dark nemesis of galaxy formation: why hot haloes trigger black hole growth and bring star formation to an end
• Formation of Primordial Supermassive Stars by Rapid Mass Accretion
• Blossoms from black hole seeds: properties and early growth regulated by supernova feedback
• Black hole formation in the early universe
• Formation of massive black holes in rapidly growing pre-galactic gas clouds
• Pathways to massive black holes and compact star clusters in pre-galactic dark matter haloes with virial temperatures > 10000K
• Titans of the Early Universe: The Prato Statement on the Origin of the First Supermassive Black Holes
• Rapidly Accreting Supergiant Protostars: Embryos of Supermassive Black Holes?
• Formation of supermassive black hole seeds
• The characteristic black hole mass resulting from direct collapse in the early universe
• Growing the first bright quasars in cosmological simulations of structure formation
• The environment of bright QSOs at z ~ 6: Star forming galaxies and X-ray emission
• The First Galaxies: Assembly with Black Hole Feedback
• Quasistars and the cosmic evolution of massive black holes
• Super-Eddington Accretion and Feedback from the First Massive Seed Black Holes
• The Growth of Black Holes from Population III Remnants in the Renaissance Simulations
• X-ray Detected Active Galactic Nuclei in Dwarf Galaxies at $0<z<1$
• Accretion onto black holes formed by direct collapse
• How realistic UV spectra and X-rays suppress the abundance of direct collapse black holes
• The formation of direct collapse black holes under the influence of streaming velocities
• Supermassive black hole formation by the cold accretion shocks in the first galaxies
• Direct formation of supermassive black holes in metal-enriched gas at the heart of high-redshift galaxy mergers
• The First Galaxies: Signatures of the Initial Starburst
• The route to massive black hole formation via merger-driven direct collapse: a review
• The formation of massive black holes in z~30 dark matter haloes with large baryonic streaming velocities
• The First Galaxies: Assembly of Disks and Prospects for Direct Detection
• The Formation of the First Massive Black Holes
• A UV flux constraint on the formation of direct collapse black holes
• Formation and Coalescence of Cosmological Supermassive Black Hole Binaries in Supermassive Star Collapse
• The Direct Collapse of a Massive Black Hole Seed Under the Influence of an Anisotropic Lyman-Werner Source
• The small scale dynamo and the amplification of magnetic fields in massive primordial haloes
• Linking galaxy structural properties and star formation activity to black hole activity with IllustrisTNG
• On the formation of the first quasars
• The First Galaxies: Assembly under Radiative Feedback from the First Stars
• Numerical resolution effects on simulations of massive black hole seeds
• Formation of the first stars and black holes
• H_2 Suppression with Shocking Inflows: Testing a Pathway for Supermassive Black Hole Formation
• High resolution studies of massive primordial haloes
• X-ray emission from high-redshift miniquasars: self-regulating the population of massive black holes through global warming
• The suppression of direct collapse black hole formation by soft X-ray irradiation
• Magnetic fields during the formation of supermassive black holes
• Witnessing the birth of a supermassive protostar
• The Early Growth of the First Black Holes
• Large-Scale Structure Formation: from the first non-linear objects to massive galaxy clusters
• Properties of simulated galaxies and supermassive black holes in cosmic voids
• Fragmentation in the First Galaxies
• Assessing inflow rates in atomic cooling halos: implications for direct collapse black holes
• Effect of cosmic ray/X-ray ionization on supermassive black hole formation
• The structure and evolution of quasi-stars
• Direct collapse black hole formation via high-velocity collisions of protogalaxies
• The formation of massive primordial stars in the presence of moderate UV backgrounds
• The Impact of Lyman alpha Trapping on the Formation of Primordial Objects
• Impact of baryonic streaming velocities on the formation of supermassive black holes via direct collapse
• Pulsational instability of supergiant protostars: Do they grow supermassive by accretion?
• The Emergence of the First Star-free Atomic Cooling Haloes in the Universe
• Rise of the First Super-Massive Stars
• Gas infall into atomic cooling haloes: on the formation of protogalactic disks and supermassive black holes at z > 10
• Forming Super-Massive Black Hole Seeds under the Influence of a Nearby Anisotropic Multi-Frequency Source
• Radiation Hydrodynamical Simulations of the Birth of Intermediate-Mass Black Holes in the First Galaxies
• Fragmentation inside atomic cooling haloes exposed to Lyman-Werner radiation
• The Collapse of Atomically-Cooled Primordial Haloes. I. High Lyman-Werner Backgrounds
• The Birth of Binary Direct-Collapse Black Holes
• Role of the H${}_2^{+}$ channel in the primordial star formation under strong radiation field and the critical intensity for the supermassive star formation
• Super-Eddington growth of black holes in the early Universe: effects of disk radiation spectra
• Jet-powered supernovae of $\sim 10^5{M}_{\odot }$ population III stars are observable by $Euclid$, $WFIRST$, $WISH$, and $JWST$
• The impact of ionizing radiation on the formation of a supermassive star in the early Universe
• Effects of turbulence and rotation on protostar formation as a precursor to seed black holes
• Stellar Tidal Disruption Events by Direct Collapse Black Holes
• Positive or Negative? The Impact of X-ray Feedback on the Formation of Direct Collapse Black Hole Seeds
• Enhanced direct collapse due to Lyman alpha feedback
• Force-feeding Black Holes
• Maximally Rotating Supermassive Stars at the Onset of Collapse: The Perturbative Effects of Gas Pressure, Magnetic Fields, Dark Matter and Dark Energy
• On the effect of Lyman alpha trapping during the initial collapse of massive black hole seeds
• The effect of dark matter resolution on the collapse of baryons in high redshift numerical simulations
• Light or heavy supermassive black hole seeds: the role of internal rotation in the fate of supermassive stars
• Massive black hole formation in Population III star clusters
• Effects of binary stellar populations on direct collapse black hole formation
• Hungry or Not: How Stellar-Mass Black Holes Grow (or Don't) in Dark Matter Mini-Haloes at High-Resolution
• Can supermassive stars form in protogalaxies due to internal Lyman-Werner feedback?
• Black hole formation via gas-dynamical processes
• Maximally Rotating Supermassive Stars at the Onset of Collapse: Effects of Gas Pressure
• Growth and Feedback from the First Black Holes
• Mocking Faint Black Holes during Reionization
• The imprint of gas on gravitational waves from LISA intermediate-mass black hole binaries
• Signatures of Exploding Supermassive PopIII Stars at High Redshift in JWST, EUCLID and Roman Space Telescope
• The black hole population in low-mass galaxies in large-scale cosmological simulations
• Quasar clustering at redshift 6