The role of gas fragmentation during the formation of supermassive black holes

Abstract

We have performed cosmological hydrodynamic simulations to study the effect of fragmentation on the SMBH seed mass in the direct collapse formation scenario. We considered different background UV intensities, host halo spin, and halo merger histories. Our simulations in low-spin halos, in the presence of a strong UV background are consistent with the Direct Collapse Black Hole model, in which a single massive object $\sim 10^5$ M${}_{\odot }$ is formed in the center of a proto-galaxy. While in our simulations under the presence of a low UV background, we find fragmentation and the formation of various minor seeds. These fragments have masses of 10${}^3$ - 10${}^4$ M${}_{\odot }$. These values are significant if we consider the potential mergers between them, and the fact that these minor objects are formed earlier in cosmic time compared to the massive single seeds. In one of our simulations, we observed gas fragmentation even in the presence of a strong UV intensity. Said structure arose in a dark matter halo that formed after various merger episodes, and the one with the highest spin value. The final mass obtained was $\sim 10^5$ M${}_{\odot }$ in this run. From these results, we conclude that fragmentation in fact produces less massive objects, however, they are still prone to merge. In simulations that formed many fragments, they all approach the most massive one with time. We see no uniqueness in the strength of the UV intensity value required to achieve a DCBH, since it depends in other factors like the system dynamics in our cases.

References in corpus (73)

• Observation of Gravitational Waves from a Binary Black Hole Merger
• Planck 2015 results. XIII. Cosmological parameters
• How Massive Single Stars End their Life
• Cosmological Hydrodynamics with Adaptive Mesh Refinement: a new high resolution code called RAMSES
• A luminous quasar at a redshift of z = 7.085
• The Formation of the First Star in the Universe
• Constraining the Evolution of the Ionizing Background and the Epoch of Reionization with z ~ 6 Quasars II: A Sample of 19 Quasars
• In the Beginning: The First Sources of Light and the Reionization of the Universe
• A Multi-Code Analysis Toolkit for Astrophysical Simulation Data
• An absorption profile centred at 78 megahertz in the sky-averaged spectrum
• An 800-million-solar-mass black hole in a significantly neutral Universe at redshift 7.5
• The Formation of the First Stars. I. The Primordial Star Forming Cloud
• A universal angular momentum profile for galactic halos
• Multi-scale initial conditions for cosmological simulations
• Formation of Supermassive Black Holes
• An ultra-luminous quasar with a twelve-billion-solar-mass black hole at redshift 6.30
• Forming the First Stars in the Universe: The Fragmentation of Primordial Gas
• One Hundred First Stars : Protostellar Evolution and the Final Masses
• Modelling Primordial Gas in Numerical Cosmology
• The Formation and Fragmentation of Primordial Molecular Clouds
• Formation of Primordial Stars in a LCDM Universe
• HOP: A New Group-Finding Algorithm for N-body Simulations
• Atomic data for astrophysics. I. Radiative recombination rates for H-like, He-like, Li-like and Na-like ions over a broad range of temperature
• The Mass Spectrum of the First Stars
• Formation of the first nuclear clusters and massive black holes at high redshift
• Supermassive Black Hole Formation by Direct Collapse: Keeping Protogalactic Gas H_2--Free in Dark Matter Halos with Virial Temperatures T_vir >~ 10^4 K
• Formation of Primordial Supermassive Stars by Rapid Mass Accretion
• Primordial Star Formation under Far-ultraviolet radiation
• Accretion onto the First Stellar Mass Black Holes
• KROME - a package to embed chemistry in astrophysical simulations
• Photodissociation of H2 in Protogalaxies: Modeling Self-Shielding in 3D Simulations
• Formation of massive black holes in rapidly growing pre-galactic gas clouds
• The case for super-critical accretion onto massive black holes at high redshift
• Evolution of supermassive stars as a pathway to black hole formation
• Rapidly Accreting Supergiant Protostars: Embryos of Supermassive Black Holes?
• The aftermath of the first stars: massive black holes
• Jet-regulated cooling catastrophe
• Formation of supermassive black hole seeds
• The Evolution of Supermassive Population III Stars
• The characteristic black hole mass resulting from direct collapse in the early universe
• The critical radiation intensity for direct collapse black hole formation: dependence on the radiation spectral shape
• Towards a more realistic sink particle algorithm for the RAMSES code
• Constraining the high redshift formation of black hole seeds in nuclear star clusters with gas inflows
• Massive black hole factories: Supermassive and quasi-star formation in primordial halos
• Formation of Massive Black Holes in Galactic Nuclei: Runaway Tidal Encounters
• Formation of Intermediate-Mass Black Holes through Runaway Collisions in the First Star Clusters
• The Growth Efficiency of High-Redshift Black Holes
• How realistic UV spectra and X-rays suppress the abundance of direct collapse black holes
• Formation of massive seed black holes via collisions and accretion
• Cosmological Simulations of Early Blackhole Formation: Halo Mergers, Tidal Disruption, and the Conditions for Direct Collapse
• Formation of primordial supermassive stars by burst accretion
• Is H3+ cooling ever important in primordial gas?
• Black Holes in the Early Universe
• Collisions in Primordial Star Clusters: Formation Pathway for intermediate mass black holes
• A UV flux constraint on the formation of direct collapse black holes
• Radiation hydrodynamics simulations of the formation of direct-collapse supermassive stellar systems
• Vibrational level population of H${}_2$ and H${}_2^{+}$ in the early Universe
• Rate of three-body recombination of hydrogen molecules during primordial star formation
• High resolution studies of massive primordial haloes
• Deuterium chemistry in the primordial gas
• First Identification of Direct Collapse Black Hole Candidates in the Early Universe in CANDELS/GOODS-S
• The angular momentum of dark halos: merger and accretion effects
• Rate Coefficient for H^+ + H_2(X ^1Sigma_g^+, nu=0, J=0) --> H(1s) + H_2^+ Charge Transfer and Some Cosmological Implications
• Assessing inflow rates in atomic cooling halos: implications for direct collapse black holes
• The formation of massive primordial stars in the presence of moderate UV backgrounds
• Formation of HD molecules in merging dark matter haloes
• The impact of reionization on the formation of supermassive black hole seeds
• Infalling clouds onto super-massive black hole binaries - I. Formation of discs, accretion and gas dynamics
• Binary-disk interaction: Gap-Opening criteria
• Massive black hole and gas dynamics in galaxy nuclei mergers. I. Numerical implementation
• Binary Disk interaction II: Gap-Opening criteria for unequal mass binaries
• Formation of the First Black Holes: Current observational status
• Gravitational Waves from Direct Collapse Black Holes Formation