In-situ star formation in accretion disk and explanation for correlation between black hole mass and metallicity in AGNs

Abstract

Recent observations show that the metallicity of the broad line region ($Z_{\mathrm{BLR}}$) in active galactic nuclei (AGNs) is solar-to-supersolar, which is positively correlated with the mass of supermassive black holes ($M_{\mathrm{BH}}$) and does not evolve with redshift up to $z\sim 7$. We revisit the $M_{\mathrm{BH}}-Z_{\mathrm{BLR}}$ correlation with more AGNs with $M_{\mathrm{BH}}\sim 10^{6-8}{M}_{\odot }$ and find that the positive correlation become flat in low-mass range. It is known that outer part of accretion disks is gravitationally unstable and can fragment into stars. Considering the star formation and supernovae (SNe) in the outer AGN disk, we calculate the metal enrichment and find that positive $M_{\mathrm{BH}}-Z_{\mathrm{BLR}}$ correlation can be roughly reproduced if the stellar mass distribution is ``top-heavy". We find that the observed BLR size is more or less similar to the self-gravity radius of the AGN disk, which suggests that the BLR may be closely correlated with the underlying accretion process.

arXiv comment17 pages, 6 figures, 1 table. Accepted for publication in ApJ

References in corpus (79)

• The chemical composition of the Sun
• The Global Schmidt Law in Star Forming Galaxies
• The Origin of the Mass--Metallicity Relation: Insights from 53,000 Star-Forming Galaxies in the SDSS
• A luminous quasar at a redshift of z = 7.085
• Low Temperature Opacities
• Nuclear Activity in Nearby Galaxies
• An 800-million-solar-mass black hole in a significantly neutral Universe at redshift 7.5
• The Mass-Metallicity Relation at z~2
• Radiation Pressure Supported Starburst Disks and AGN Fueling
• The First Measurement of Spectral Lines in a Short-Period Star Bound to the Galaxy's Central Black Hole: A Paradox of Youth
• De Re Metallica: The cosmic chemical evolution of galaxies
• The Stellar Cusp Around the Supermassive Black Hole in the Galactic Center
• A Luminous Quasar at Redshift 7.642
• Selfgravity and QSO disks
• Stellar disk in the galactic center -- a remnant of a dense accretion disk?
• Elemental Abundances in QSOs: Star Formation and Galactic Nuclear Evolution at High Redshifts
• The Mass-Metallicity and the Fundamental Metallicity Relation revisited on a fully Te-based abundance scale for galaxies
• An Extremely Top-Heavy IMF in the Galactic Center Stellar Disks
• Pōniuā'ena: A Luminous $z=7.5$ Quasar Hosting a 1.5 Billion Solar Mass Black Hole
• Starbursts near supermassive black holes: young stars in the Galactic Center, and gravitational waves in LISA band
• Locally Optimally Emitting Clouds and the Origin of Quasar Emission Lines
• The Universal Relation of Galactic Chemical Evolution: The Origin of the Mass-Metallicity Relation
• Gemini Near-infrared Spectroscopy of Luminous z~6 Quasars: Chemical Abundances, Black Hole Masses, and MgII Absorption
• Spectral energy distributions of selfgravitating QSO discs
• Near Infrared Spectroscopy of High Redshift Active Galactic Nuclei. I. A Metallicity-Accretion Rate Relationship
• The primordial abundance of 4He: a self-consistent empirical analysis of systematic effects in a large sample of low-metallicity HII regions
• The Evolution of the Broad-Line Region among SDSS Quasars
• Obscuring Material around Seyfert Nuclei with Starbursts
• The Radius-Luminosity Relationship Depends on Optical Spectra in Active Galactic Nuclei
• Metallicities and Abundance Ratios from Quasar Broad Emission Lines
• Discovery of the First Low-Luminosity Quasar at z > 7
• The "missing" YSOs in the central parsec of the Galaxy: evidence for star formation in a massive accretion disk and a top-heavy IMF
• Molecular Gas Disk Structures around AGNs
• Stellar Evolution in AGN Disks
• Stellar Absorption Line Analysis of Local Star-Forming Galaxies: The Relation Between Stellar Mass, Metallicity, Dust Attenuation and Star Formation Rate
• Active Galactic Nuclei Emission-Line Properties Versus Eddington Ratio
• Coevolution of Supermassive Black Holes and Circumnuclear Disks
• An ALMA multi-line survey of the interstellar medium of the redshift 7.5 quasar host galaxy J1342+0928
• In situ formation of SgrA* stars via disk fragmentation: parent cloud properties and thermodynamics
• Failed radiatively Accelerated Dusty Outflow model of the Broad Line Region in Active Galactic Nuclei. I. Analytical solution
• Massive stars in sub-parsec rings around galactic centers
• Accretion-modified Stars in Accretion Disks of Active Galactic Nuclei: Gravitational Wave Bursts and Electromagnetic Counterparts from Merging Stellar Black Hole Binaries
• Can reverberation-measured quasars be used for cosmology?
• Star formation in accretion discs : from the Galactic Center to Active Galactic Nuclei
• The Evolution of Chemical Abundance in Quasar Broad Line Region
• Accretion onto Stars in the Disks of Active Galactic Nuclei
• The resolved star-formation relation in nearby active galactic nuclei
• Supernova explosions in active galactic nuclear discs
• The mass-metallicity relation of SDSS quasars
• Stellar Evolution in the Disks of Active Galactic Nuclei Produces Rapidly Rotating Massive Stars
• No Redshift Evolution in the Broad Line Region Metallicity up to z=7.54: Deep NIR Spectroscopy of ULAS J1342+0928
• High metal content of highly accreting quasars
• Super-Solar Metallicity Stars in the Galactic Center Nuclear Star Cluster: Unusual Sc, V, and Y Abundances
• The formation and merger of compact objects in central engine of active galactic nuclei and quasars: gamma-ray burst and gravitational radiation
• Star formation in self-gravitating disks in active galactic nuclei. I. Metallicity gradients in broad line regions
• Size-Mass-luminosity relations in AGN and the role of the accretion disc
• The mass-metallicity relation of local active galaxies
• The chemical properties of low-redshift QSOs
• The dust origin of the Broad Line Region and the model consequences for AGN unification scheme
• Making massive stars in the Galactic Centre via accretion onto low-mass stars within an accretion disc
• Duty-cycle and energetics of remnant radio-loud AGN
• Star formation in self-gravitating disks in active galactic nuclei. II. Episodic formation of broad line regions
• New metallicity calibration for Seyfert 2 galaxies based on the N2O2 index
• Metallicity in Quasar Broad Line Regions at Redshift $\sim$ 6
• Outflows from active galactic nuclei: The BLR-NLR metallicity correlation
• Test of the Formation mechanism of the Broad Line Region in Active Galactic Nuclei
• Accretion Disks in Active Galactic Nuclei: Gas Supply Driven by Star Formation
• Rapid Black Hole Growth at the Dawn of the Universe: A Super-Eddington Quasar at z=6.6
• The FeII/MgII flux ratio of low-luminosity quasars at z~3
• Bloated Stars as AGN Broad Line Clouds: The Emission Line Profiles
• Chemical Abundance of z~6 Quasar Broad-Line Regions in the XQR-30 Sample
• Chemical evolution of the Universe at 0.7 < z < 1.6 derived from abundance diagnostics of the broad-line region of quasars
• Spin Evolution of Stellar-mass Black Holes Embedded in AGN disks: Orbital Eccentricity Produces Retrograde Circumstellar Flows
• AGN duty cycle estimates for the ultra-steep spectrum radio relic VLSS J1431.8+1331
• Metallicity and Far-Infrared Luminosity of High Redshift Quasars
• Supernova Explosions in Accretion Disks in Active Galactic Nuclei: Three-Dimensional Models
• A test of the failed disk wind scenario for the origin of the broad line region in active galactic nuclei
• Nucleosynthesis Contribution of Neutrino-dominated Accretion Flows to the Chemical Evolution of Active Galactic Nuclei
• Effects of an Immortal Stellar Population in AGN Disks

Cited by in corpus (7)

• Observable signature of merging stellar-mass black holes in active galactic nuclei
• An Explanation for Overrepresentation of Tidal Disruption Events in Post-starburst Galaxies
• Chemical abundances along the quasar main sequence
• Propagation of GRB Relativistic Jets in AGN Disks and Its Implication for GRB Detection
• High-energy Neutrino Productions from AGN Disk Transients Impacted by Circum-disk Medium
• Accretion-disk reflection in the Seyfert 1 galaxy NGC 3783 as viewed by Chandra grating spectroscopy
• Rate of Repeating Tidal Disruption Events with 5--19 years interval