The tight relation between X-ray and ultraviolet luminosity of quasars

Abstract

The observed relation between the soft X-ray and the optical-ultraviolet emission in active galactic nuclei (AGN) is non-linear and it is usually parametrized as a dependence between the logarithm of the monochromatic luminosity at 2500 Å and at 2 keV. Previous investigations have found that the dispersion of this relation is rather high (~0.35-0.4 in log units), which may be caused by measurement uncertainties, variability, and intrinsic dispersion due to differences in the AGN physical properties (e.g. different accretion modes). We show that, once optically-selected quasars with homogeneous SED and X-ray detection are selected, and dust reddened and/or gas obscured objects are not included, the measured dispersion drops to significantly lower values (i.e. ~0.21-0.24 dex). We show that the residual dispersion is due to some extent to variability, and to remaining measurement uncertainties. Therefore, the real physical intrinsic dispersion should be <0.21 dex. Such a tight relation, valid over 4 decades in luminosity, must be the manifestation of an intrinsic (and universal) physical relation between the disk, emitting the primary radiation, and the hot electron corona emitting X-rays.

11 pages, 7 figures, accepted for publication in ApJ

References in corpus (13)

• Five-Year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) Observations: Cosmological Interpretation
• A Catalog of Quasar Properties from SDSS DR7
• Some Aspects of Measurement Error in Linear Regression of Astronomical Data
• The X-ray-to-Optical Properties of Optically-Selected Active Galaxies Over Wide Luminosity and Redshift Ranges
• The XMM-Newton Serendipitous Survey. V. The Second XMM-Newton Serendipitous Source Catalogue
• The X-ray Properties of the Most-Luminous Quasars from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey
• A Catalog of Broad Absorption Line Quasars in Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 5
• Simultaneous X-ray/optical/UV snapshots of active galactic nuclei from XMM-Newton: spectral energy distributions for the reverberation mapped sample
• A Hubble Diagram for Quasars
• Seyfert galaxies in the local Universe (z$\le$ 0.1): the average X-ray spectrum as seen by $BeppoSAX$
• HST-COS Observations of AGN. II. Extended Survey of Ultraviolet Composite Spectra from 159 Active Galactic Nuclei
• Variability and the X-ray/UV ratio of Active Galactic Nuclei
• Is the dependence of spectral index on luminosity real in optically selected AGN samples?

Cited by in corpus (163)

• Active Galactic Nuclei: what's in a name?
• Euclid. I. Overview of the Euclid mission
• Obscured Active Galactic Nuclei
• Universal bolometric corrections for AGN over 7 luminosity decades
• The Bolometric Quasar Luminosity Function at z = 0-7
• Explaining changing-look AGN with state transition triggered by rapid mass accretion rate drop
• Evolution of the AGN UV luminosity function from redshift 7.5
• Bolometric correction factors for Active Galactic Nuclei
• Quasars as standard candles III. Validation of a new sample for cosmological studies
• Tension with the flat ΛCDM model from a high redshift Hubble Diagram of supernovae, quasars and gamma-ray bursts
• Quasars as standard candles I: The physical relation between disc and coronal emission
• A new class of flares from accreting supermassive black holes
• X-ray and Ultraviolet Properties of AGN in Nearby Dwarf Galaxies
• The X-ray properties of $z>6$ quasars: no evident evolution of accretion physics in the first Gyr of the Universe
• X-ray Detected AGN in SDSS Dwarf Galaxies
• The X-ray properties of z$\sim$6 luminous quasars
• The WISSH Quasars Project III. X-ray properties of hyper-luminous quasars
• A dusty compact object bridging galaxies and quasars at cosmic dawn
• The contribution of faint AGNs to the ionizing background at z~4
• Ultraviolet and X-ray variability of active galactic nuclei with Swift
• Multi-wavelength properties of Type 1 and Type 2 AGN Host Galaxies in the Chandra-COSMOS Legacy Survey
• Revealing the Accretion Physics of Supermassive Black Holes at Redshift z~7 with Chandra and Infrared Observations
• Quasar standardization: Overcoming Selection Biases and Redshift Evolution
• Quasars as standard candles II: The non linear relation between UV and X-ray emission at high redshifts
• The most luminous blue quasars at $3.0<z<3.3$. I. A tale of two X-ray populations
• On the Observational Difference Between the Accretion Disk-Corona Connections among Super- and Sub-Eddington Accreting Active Galactic Nuclei
• Einstein, Planck and Vera Rubin: relevant encounters between the Cosmological and the Quantum Worlds
• The $L_{\mathrm{x}}$-$L_{\mathrm{uv}}$-$L_{\mathrm{radio}}$ relation and corona-disk-jet connection in optically selected radio-loud quasars
• Gamma-Ray Bursts, Quasars, Baryonic Acoustic Oscillations, and Supernovae Ia: new statistical insights and cosmological constraints
• The correlations between optical/UV broad lines and X-ray emission for a large sample of quasars
• SUPER I. Toward an unbiased study of ionized outflows in z~2 active galactic nuclei: survey overview and sample characterization
• EUCLIA - Exploring the UV/optical continuum lag in active galactic nuclei. I. a model without light echoing
• Testing the Quasar Hubble Diagram with LISA Standard Sirens
• Cosmography approach to dark energy cosmologies: new constrains using the Hubble diagrams of supernovae, quasars and gamma-ray bursts
• Overmassive black holes in dwarf galaxies out to z$\sim$0.9 in the VIPERS survey
• Fainter harder brighter softer: a correlation between ${\alpha }_{\mathrm{ox}}$ , X-ray spectral state and Eddington ratio in tidal disruption events
• Testing the cosmic curvature at high redshifts: the combination of LSST strong lensing systems and quasars as new standard candles
• Hubble diagram at higher redshifts: Model independent calibration of quasars
• Testing AGN outflow and accretion models with CIV and HeII emission line demographics in z=2 quasars
• Reducing the uncertainty on the Hubble constant up to 35\% with an improved statistical analysis: different best-fit likelihoods for Supernovae Ia, Baryon Acoustic Oscillations, Quasars, and Gamma-Ray Bursts
• Cosmography by orthogonalized logarithmic polynomials
• Multiple measurements of quasars acing as standard probes: exploring the cosmic distance duality relation at higher redshift
• The Incidence of X-ray selected AGN in Nearby Galaxies
• Cosmological test using the Hubble diagram of high-z quasars
• High-redshift cosmography: Application and comparison with different methods
• A search for neutrino emission from cores of Active Galactic Nuclei
• Model-independent constraints on cosmic curvature: implication from updated Hubble diagram of high-redshift standard candles
• X-ray flux in the SED modelling: An application of X-CIGALE in the XMM-XXL field
• Probing modified gravity theories with multiple measurements of high-redshift quasars
• Faint progenitors of luminous $z\sim 6$ quasars: why don't we see them?
• HYPerluminous quasars at the Epoch of ReionizatION (HYPERION). A new regime for the X-ray nuclear properties of the first quasars
• First constraints on the AGN X-ray luminosity function at $z\sim 6$ from an eROSITA-detected quasar
• Chandra X-rays from the redshift 7.54 quasar ULAS J1342+0928
• The relation between AGN type and host galaxy properties
• Astronomical Distance Determination in the Space Age. Secondary distance indicators
• Cosmology-independent Estimate of the Hubble Constant and Spatial Curvature Using Time-delay Lenses and Quasars
• Extreme ultra-soft X-ray variability in an eROSITA observation of the Narrow-Line Seyfert 1 Galaxy 1H 0707-495
• The X-ray/UV ratio in Active Galactic Nuclei: dispersion and variability
• The Chandra view of the relation between X-ray and UV emission in quasars
• Overmassive black holes at cosmic noon: linking the local and the high-redshift Universe
• Model-independent Distance Calibration and Curvature Measurement using Quasars and Cosmic Chronometers
• Tensions with the flat $\mathbf{\Lambda }$CDM model from high-redshift cosmography
• Testing the disk-corona interplay in radiatively-efficient broad-line AGN
• An Extreme X-ray Variability Event of a Weak-Line Quasar
• Enhanced X-ray Emission from the Most Radio-Powerful Quasar in the Universe's First Billion Years
• The SOUX AGN sample: Optical/UV/X-ray SEDs and the nature of the disc
• Testing cosmic anisotropy with Pantheon sample and quasars at high redshifts
• The Fundamental Planes of Black Hole Activity for Radio-Loud and Radio-Quiet Quasars
• Cosmology with AGN: can we use quasars as standard candles?
• Quasar UV/X-ray relation luminosity distances are shorter than reverberation-measured radius-luminosity relation luminosity distances
• A panchromatic view of infrared quasars: excess star formation and radio emission in the most heavily obscured systems
• What controls the UV-to-X-ray continuum shape in quasars?
• Long-term and multi-wavelength evolution of a changing-look AGN Mrk 1018
• Estimating the size of X-ray lamppost coronae in active galactic nuclei
• Steep Hard-X-ray Spectra Indicate Extremely High Accretion Rates in Weak Emission-Line Quasars
• AT 2021loi: A Bowen Fluorescence Flare with a Rebrightening Episode, Occurring in a Previously-Known AGN
• Quasars: standard candles up to z=7.5 with the precision of Supernovae Ia
• Cosmological constraints on dark energy models using DESI BAO 2024
• An FMOS Survey of moderate-luminosity broad-line AGN in COSMOS, SXDS and E-CDF-S
• Chandra reveals a luminous Compton-thick QSO powering a $Ly\alpha$ blob in a $z=4$ starbursting protocluster
• Redshift evolution of the Amati relation: calibrated results from the Hubble diagram of quasars at high redshifts
• An X-ray view of central engines of low luminosity quasars (LLQSO) in the local Universe
• Testing the cosmic opacity at higher redshifts: implication from quasars with available UV and X-ray observations
• Investigating Dark Energy Equation of State With High Redshift Hubble Diagram
• Chandra and Magellan/FIRE follow-up observations of PSO167-13: an X-ray weak QSO at $z=6.515$
• A framework for the next generation of stationary cosmological models
• A blazar in the epoch of reionization
• Supermassive Black Hole Winds in X-rays -- SUBWAYS. III. A population study on ultra-fast outflows
• The miniJPAS survey: AGN & host galaxy co-evolution of X-ray selected sources
• The Extreme Super-Eddington NLS1 RX J0134.2-4258 -- II. A Weak-Line Seyfert Linking to the Weak-Line Quasar
• Redshift Evolution and Non-Universal Dispersion of Quasar Luminosity Correlation
• Multiple measurements of gravitational waves acting as standard probes: model-independent constraints on the cosmic curvature with DECIGO
• Accretion History of AGN III: Radiative Efficiency and AGN Contribution to Reionization
• Resolving the X-ray obscuration in a low flux observation of the quasar PDS 456
• A Rapid and Large-Amplitude X-ray Dimming Event in a z ~ 2.6 Radio-Quiet Quasar
• X-ray emission from a rapidly accreting narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxy at z=6.56
• Flares in the changing look AGN Mrk 590. I: The UV response to X-ray outbursts suggests a more complex reprocessing geometry than a standard disk
• Luminosity-duration relation of fast radio bursts
• The most luminous blue quasars at 3.0<z<3.3. II. CIV/X-ray emission and accretion disc physics
• X-ray Properties of Young Radio Quasars at z > 4.5
• Constraints on Cosmological Models from Quasars Calibrated with Type Ia Supernova by a Gaussian Process
• Magnetohydrodynamic Winds Driven by the Line Force from the Standard Thin Disk around Supermassive Black Holes. I. The Case of Weak Magnetic Field
• A Candidate Tidal Disruption Event in a Quasar at z=2.359 from Abundance Ratio Variability
• Measuring the speed of light with updated Hubble diagram of high-redshift standard candles
• Quasars as Standard Candles IV. Analysis of the X-ray and UV indicators of the disc-corona relation
• The SRG/eROSITA All-Sky Survey: X-ray beacons at late cosmic dawn
• Discovery of Candidate X-ray Jets in High-Redshift Quasars
• Redshift-evolutionary X-ray and UV luminosity relation of quasars from Gaussian copula
• Magnetohydrodynamic winds driven by line force from the standard thin disk around supermassive black holes: II. a possible model for ultra-fast outflows in radio-loud AGNs
• What do observations tell us about the highest-redshift supermassive black holes?
• Do stellar-mass and super-massive black holes have similar dining habits?
• The SOUX AGN Sample: SDSS-XMM-Newton Optical, Ultraviolet and X-ray selected active galactic nuclei spanning a wide range of parameter space -- Sample definition
• Chandra Detection of Three X-ray Bright Quasars at z>5
• The origin of the vanishing soft X-ray excess in the changing-look Active Galactic Nucleus Mrk 590
• A luminous X-ray transient in SDSS J143359.16+400636.0: a likely tidal disruption event
• The failure of testing for cosmic opacity via the distance-duality relation
• X-ray obscuration from a variable ionized absorber in PG 1114+445
• Wavelength Dependences of the Optical/UV and X-ray Luminosity Correlations of Quasars
• The extremely X-ray luminous radio-loud quasar CFHQS J142952+544717 at $z=6.18$ under Chandra high-angular resolution lens
• Surveys of the Cosmic X-ray Background
• A catalog of optical to X-ray spectral energy distributions of z~2 quasars observed with Swift. I: First results
• Large-scale Dynamics of Winds Driven by Line Force from a Thin Accretion Disk
• An X-ray fading, UV brightening QSO at $z\approx 6$
• Coronal properties of the luminous radio-quiet quasar QSO B2202$-$209
• Are quasars reliable standard candles?
• Quasars as Standard Candles V. Evaluation of a $\le$ 0.06 dex intrinsic dispersion in the LX-LUV relation
• Multi-wavelength properties of three new radio-powerful $z\sim 5.6$ quasi-stellar objects discovered from RACS
• Unseen Progenitors of Luminous High-z Quasars in the R_h=ct Universe
• The non-linear X-ray/UV relation in active galactic nuclei: contribution of instrumental effects on the X-ray variability
• Comprehensive view on a $z\sim 6.5$ radio-loud QSO: from the radio to the optical/NIR to the X-ray band
• Unveiling the Universe with Emerging Cosmological Probes
• High-$z$ radio Quasars in RACS I: Selection, identification, and multi-wavelength properties
• The ${\sigma }_{\mathrm{H}\beta }$-based dimensionless accretion rate and its connection with the corona for AGN
• The WISSH quasars project VII. The impact of extreme radiative field in the accretion disk and X-ray corona interplay
• HYPERION: broad-band X-ray-to-near-infrared emission of Quasars in the first billion years of the Universe
• Physical Models for the Clustering of Obscured and Unobscured Quasars
• X-ray selected broad absorption line quasars in SDSS-V: BALs and non-BALs span the same range of X-ray properties
• The Composite Spectral Energy Distribution of Quasars is Surprisingly Universal Since Cosmic Noon
• The Broadband X-ray Spectrum of the X-ray Obscured Type 1 AGN 2MASX J193013.80+341049.5
• Spectral Energy Distribution profiles from AGN accretion disc in multi-gap setup
• The Dawn of Black Holes
• Photometric Selection of type 1 Quasars in the XMM-LSS Field with Machine Learning and the Disk-Corona Connection
• "Zombie" or active? An alternative explanation to the properties of star-forming galaxies at high redshift
• Revisiting the X-ray-to-UV relation of Quasars in the era of all-sky surveys
• X-ray Unveiling Events in a z~1.6 Active Galactic Nucleus in the 7 Ms Chandra Deep Field-South
• The CaFe Project: Optical FeII and Near-Infrared Ca II triplet emission in active galaxies. II. The driver(s) of the Ca II and Fe II and its potential use as a chemical clock
• Flares in the Changing Look AGN Mrk 590. II: Deep X-ray observations reveal a Comptonizing inner accretion flow
• The X-ray weakness of Little Red Dots and JWST-selected AGN: comparison with local AGN in different accretion regimes
• The broad band SEDs of four 'hypervariable' AGN
• Exploratory X-Ray Monitoring of Luminous Radio-Quiet Quasars at High Redshift: Extended Time-Series Analyses and Stacked Imaging Spectroscopy
• The X-ray$-$UV Luminosity Relation of eROSITA Quasars
• The jet emitting disk standard accretion disk model applied to the active galactic nuclei ultra violet Xray correlation
• Untangling the Complex Nature of AGN Variability with Fairall 9
• Cosmological test using the high-redshift detection rate of FSRQs with the Square Kilometer Array
• Constraining the AGN tori at cosmic noon using high-resolution JWST imaging and simultaneous SED fitting
• A radio, optical, UV and X-ray view of the enigmatic changing look Active Galactic Nucleus 1ES~1927+654 from its pre- to post-flare states
• Non-thermal emission from fall-back clouds in the Broad-Line Region of Active Galactic Nuclei
• X-Ray Evidence Against the Hypothesis that the Hyper-Luminous z=6.3 Quasar J0100+2802 is Lensed
• Fueling, Evolution, and Diversity of AGN in Dwarf Galaxies: Insights from Star Formation and Black Hole Scaling Relations
• Numerical simulations of the line-force-driven winds from active galactic nuclei: The special relativistic effects
• AGILE: an end-to-end Rubin-LSST simulation of AGNs, galaxies, and stars I. Software description and first data release
• Unveiling BLR Structure in AGN with High Resolution X-Ray Spectra: An Analytic Approach to Wind Emission Line Profiles
• SRG/eROSITA-SDSS view on the relation between X-ray and UV emission for quasars