The spectral energy distribution of compact jets powered by internal shocks

Abstract

Internal shocks caused by fluctuations of the outflow velocity are likely to power the radio to IR emission of the compact jets of X-ray binaries. The dynamics of internal shocks and the resulting spectral energy distribution (SED) of the jet are very sensitive to the time-scales and amplitudes of the velocity fluctuations injected at the base of the jet. I present a new code designed to simulate the synchrotron emission of a compact jet powered by internal shocks. I also develop a semi-analytical formalism allowing one to estimate the observed SED of the jet as a function of the Power Spectral Density (PSD) of the assumed fluctuations of the Lorentz factor. I discuss the cases of a sine modulation of the Lorentz factor and Lorentz factor fluctuations with a power-law PSD shape. Independently of the details of the model, the observed nearly flat SEDs are obtained for PSDs of Lorentz factor fluctuations that are close to a flicker noise spectrum (i.e. P(f)~1/f). The model also presents a strong wavelength dependent variability that is similar to that observed in these sources.

arXiv comment19 pages, 8 figures, accepted for publication in MNRAS

References in corpus (28)

• Unsteady Outflow Models for Cosmological Gamma-Ray Bursts
• Gamma-ray bursts from internal shocks in a relativistic wind: temporal and spectral properties
• Powerful jets from black hole X-ray binaries in Low/Hard X-ray states
• Non-linear X-ray variability in X-ray binaries and active galaxies
• Internal shocks in the jets of radio-loud quasars
• Near-infrared synchrotron emission from the compact jet of GX339-4
• A unified accretion-ejection paradigm for Black Hole X-ray Binaries
• Fast infrared variability from a relativistic jet in GX 339-4
• Rapid optical and X-ray timing observations of GX 339-4: multi-component optical variability in the low/hard state
• Timing Signatures of the Internal-Shock Model for Blazars
• On the Efficiency of Internal Shocks in Gamma-Ray Bursts
• The very flat radio - millimetre spectrum of Cygnus X-1
• Jet-disc coupling through a common energy reservoir in the black hole XTE J1118+480
• Transformation of the Poynting flux into the kinetic energy in relativistic jets
• Opening angles, Lorentz factors and confinement of X-ray binary jets
• The flat synchrotron spectra of partially self-absorbed jets revisited
• iShocks: X-ray binary jets with an internal shocks model
• Internal shocks at the origin of the flat spectral energy distribution of compact jets
• A Model for Emission from Jets in X-ray Binaries: Consequences of a Single Acceleration Episode
• Time-dependent Radiation Transfer in the Internal Shock Model Scenario for Blazar Jets
• Near-infrared jet emission in the microquasar XTE J1550-564
• The Nuclear Jet in M81
• Jet models for black-hole binaries in the hard spectral state
• A review of rapid X-ray variability in X-ray binaries
• 3D simulations of wind-jet interaction in massive X-ray binaries
• The aperiodic variability of Cyg X-1 and GRS 1915 +105 at very low frequencies
• Aperiodic variability of low-mass X-ray binaries at very low frequencies
• An Angle Dependent SSC Model for Relativistic Jet Sources

Cited by in corpus (68)

• Active Galactic Nuclei: what's in a name?
• Do sound waves transport the AGN energy in the Perseus Cluster?
• A rapid change in X-ray variability and a jet ejection in the black hole transient MAXI J1820+070
• Furiously Fast and Red: Sub-second Optical Flaring in V404 Cyg during the 2015 Outburst Peak
• Measuring fundamental jet properties with multi-wavelength fast timing of the black hole X-ray binary MAXI J1820+070
• Detection of the first infra-red quasi periodic oscillation in a black hole X-ray binary
• Radio monitoring of the hard state jets in the 2011 outburst of MAXI J1836-194
• A new radio census of neutron star X-ray binaries
• The Varying Kinematics of Multiple Ejecta from the Black Hole X-ray Binary MAXI J1820+070
• Radio Frequency Timing Analysis of the Compact Jet in the Black Hole X-ray Binary Cygnus X-1
• A unified accretion-ejection paradigm for black hole X-ray binaries. IV. Replication of the 2010--2011 activity cycle of GX 339-4
• A jet model for the fast IR variability of the black hole X-ray binary GX 339-4
• Rapid compact jet quenching in the Galactic black hole candidate X-ray binary MAXI J1535-571
• Multi-wavelength variability study of the classical BL Lac object PKS 0735+178 on timescales ranging from decades to minutes
• Swift J1727.8-1613 has the Largest Resolved Continuous Jet Ever Seen in an X-ray Binary
• High-energy Cosmic Ray production in X-ray Binary Jets
• Jet Parameters in the Black-Hole X-Ray Binary MAXI J1820+070
• Science with the Murchison Widefield Array: Phase I Results and Phase II Opportunities
• The evolving jet spectrum of the neutron star X-ray binary Aql X-1 in transitional states during its 2016 outburst
• Tracking the variable jets of V404 Cygni during its 2015 outburst
• A wildly flickering jet in the black hole X-ray binary MAXI J1535-571
• Characterization of the Infrared/X-ray sub-second variability for the black-hole transient GX 339-4
• Internal shocks driven by accretion flow variability in the compact jet of the black hole binary GX 339-4
• Evolving Morphology of the Large-Scale Relativistic Jets from XTE J1550-564
• Sub-mm Jet Properties of the X-Ray Binary Swift J1745$-$26
• A new method for extending solutions to the self-similar relativistic magnetohydrodynamics equations for black hole outflows
• Fast infrared variability from the black-hole candidate MAXI J1535$-$571 and tight constraints on the modelling
• A unified accretion-ejection paradigm for black hole X-ray binaries. VI. Radiative efficiency and radio-X-ray correlation during four outbursts from GX339-4
• Modelling the compact jet in MAXI J1836-194 with disc-driven shocks
• Interplay of spectral components in timing properties of accreting compact objects
• The Evolution of Rapid Optical/X-ray Timing Correlations in the Initial Hard State of MAXI J1820+070
• Physical constraints from near-infrared fast photometry of the black-hole transient GX 339-4
• Chasing the break: Tracing the full evolution of a black hole X-ray binary jet with multi-wavelength spectral modeling
• Complete Multiwavelength Evolution of Galactic Black Hole Transients During Outburst Decay II: Compact Jets and X-ray Variability Properties
• The variable radio counterpart of Swift J1858.6-0814
• Dark jets in the soft X-ray state of black hole binaries?
• Polarized synchrotron emission in quiescent black hole X-ray transients
• Correlating spectral and timing properties in the evolving jet of the micro blazar MAXI J1836-194
• Black holes: Timing and spectral properties and evolution
• Particle acceleration in radio galaxies with flickering jets: GeV electrons to ultrahigh energy cosmic rays
• ExHaLe-jet: An extended hadro-leptonic jet model for blazars. I. Code description and initial results
• On the nature of the soft gamma-ray emission in the hard state of the black hole transient GRS 1716-249
• A newly discovered double-double candidate microquasar in NGC 300
• The accretion/ejection link in the neutron star X-ray binary 4U 1820-30 I: A boundary layer-jet coupling?
• Hilbert-Huang Transform analysis of quasi-periodic oscillations in MAXI J1820+070
• Peering at the outflow mechanisms in the transitional pulsar PSR J1023+0038: simultaneous VLT, XMM-Newton, and Swift high-time resolution observations
• Time-dependent visibility modelling of a relativistic jet in the X-ray binary MAXI J1803-298
• Dynamical Properties of Internal Shocks Revisited
• Toward a Larger Sample of Radio Jets from Quiescent Black Hole X-ray Binaries
• Testing jet geometries and disk-jet coupling in the neutron star LMXB 4U 0614+091 with the internal shocks model
• ALMA observations of A0620-00: fresh clues on the nature of quiescent black hole X-ray binary jets
• Optical variability modeling of newly identified blazar candidates behind Magellanic Clouds
• RMS-Flux Relation and Disc-Jet Connection in Blazars in the Context of the Internal Shocks Model
• Short-Timescale Variability of the Blazar Mrk 421 from AstroSat and Simultaneous Multi-Wavelength Observations
• Spectral components in black hole X-ray binaries
• A rapid optical and X-ray timing study of the neutron star X-ray binary Swift J1858.6-0814
• The flickering radio jet from the quiescent black hole X-ray binary A0620-00
• Fast X-ray/IR observations of the black hole transient Swift~J1753.5--0127: from an IR lead to a very long jet lag
• A kinetic model of jet-corona coupling in accreting black holes
• Sub-second variability in black-hole X-ray binary jets
• Tracking optical variability and outflows across the accretion states of the black hole transient MAXI J1820+070
• Internal shocks in microquasar jets with a continuous Lorentz factor modulation
• Rapid far-infrared spectral timing of X-ray binaries with PRIMA
• Effects of radiative losses on the relativistic jets of high-mass microquasars
• Synergies in extragalactic and Galactic jet research
• Optical polarimetry of the accreting black hole X-ray binary Swift J1727.8$-$1613 over the state transition and radio ejections
• Numerical simulations of internal shocks in spherical geometry: hydrodynamics and prompt emission
• Shock corrugation to the rescue of the internal shock model in microquasars: The single-scale MHD view