The Varying Kinematics of Multiple Ejecta from the Black Hole X-ray Binary MAXI J1820+070

Abstract

During a 2018 outburst, the black hole X-ray binary MAXI J1820+070 was comprehensively monitored at multiple wavelengths as it underwent a hard to soft state transition. During this transition a rapid evolution in X-ray timing properties and a short-lived radio flare were observed, both of which were linked to the launching of bi-polar, long-lived relativistic ejecta. We provide detailed analysis of two Very Long Baseline Array observations, using both time binning and a new dynamic phase centre tracking technique to mitigate the effects of smearing when observing fast-moving ejecta at high angular resolution. We identify a second, earlier ejection, with a lower proper motion of $18.0\pm 1.1$ mas day${}^{-1}$. This new jet knot was ejected $4\pm 1$ hours before the beginning of the rise of the radio flare, and $2\pm 1$ hours before a switch from type-C to type-B X-ray quasi-periodic oscillations (QPOs). We show that this jet was ejected over a period of $\sim 6$ hours and thus its ejection was contemporaneous with the QPO transition. Our new technique locates the original, faster ejection in an observation in which it was previously undetected. With this detection we revised the fits to the proper motions of the ejecta and calculated a jet inclination angle of $(64\pm 5{)}^{\circ }$, and jet velocities of $0.97_{-0.09}^{+0.03}c$ for the fast-moving ejecta ($\Gamma >2.1$) and $(0.30\pm 0.05)c$ for the newly-identified slow-moving ejection ($\Gamma =1.05\pm 0.02$). We show that the approaching slow-moving component is predominantly responsible for the radio flare, and is likely linked to the switch from type-C to type-B QPOs, while no definitive signature of ejection was identified for the fast-moving ejecta.

arXiv comment11 pages including 5 figures. Accepted for publication in MNRAS

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• Radio observations of the Black Hole X-ray Binary EXO 1846-031 re-awakening from a 34-year slumber
• A multi-wavelength study of the hard and soft states of MAXI J1820+070 during its 2018 outburst
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• Investigating the nature and properties of MAXI J1810-222 with radio and X-ray observations
• Comprehensive Radio Monitoring of the Black Hole X-ray Binary Swift J1727.8$-$1613 during its 2023$-$2024 Outburst
• The inner flow geometry in MAXI J1820+070 during hard and hard-intermediate states
• The origin of long soft lags and the nature of the hard-intermediate state in black hole binaries
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• The Accretion-Ejection Connection in the Black Hole X-ray Binary MAXI J1820$+$070
• Black-hole X-ray binary Swift J1727.8$-$1613 shows simultaneous Type-B and Type-C quasi-periodic oscillations across the hard-intermediate and soft-intermediate states
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• Tracking the evolution of the accretion flow in MAXI J1820+070 during its hard state with the JED-SAD model
• Observational Biases and Improved Modelling of Off-axis Relativistic Jets
• Optical polarimetry of the accreting black hole X-ray binary Swift J1727.8$-$1613 over the state transition and radio ejections