Obscured and unobscured active galactic nuclei in the Spitzer Space Telescope First Look Survey

Abstract

Selection of active galactic nuclei (AGN) in the infrared allows the discovery of AGN whose optical emission is extinguished by dust. In this paper, we use the Spitzer Space Telescope First Look Survey (FLS) to assess what fraction of AGN with mid-infrared luminosities comparable to quasars are missed in optical quasar surveys due to dust obscuration. We begin by using the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) database to identify 54 quasars within the 4 deg^2 extragalactic FLS. These quasars occupy a distinct region in mid-infrared color space by virtue of their strong, red, continua. This has allowed us to define a mid-infrared color criterion for selecting AGN candidates. About 2000 FLS objects have colors consistent with them being AGN, but most are much fainter in the mid-infrared than the SDSS quasars, which typically have 8 micron flux densities, S(8.0), ~1 mJy. We have investigated the properties of the 43 objects with S(8.0) >= 1 mJy satisfying our AGN color selection. This sample should contain both unobscured quasars, and AGN which are absent from the SDSS survey due to extinction in the optical. After removing 16 known quasars, three probable normal quasars, and eight spurious or confused objects from the initial sample of 43, we are left with 16 objects which are likely to be obscured quasars or luminous Seyfert-2 galaxies. This suggests the numbers of obscured and unobscured AGN are similar in samples selected in the mid-infrared at S(8.0)~1 mJy.

To appear in the ApJS Spitzer Special Issue

References in corpus (2)

• The Infrared Array Camera (IRAC) for the Spitzer Space Telescope
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• AEGIS: A Multi-wavelength Study of Spitzer Power-law Galaxies
• Stars and gas in the most metal-poor galaxies I: COS and MUSE observations of SBS 0335-052E
• Strong Far-IR Cooling Lines, Peculiar CO Kinematics and Possible Star Formation Suppression in Hickson Compact Group 57
• Mergers as triggers for nuclear activity: A near-IR study of the close environment of AGN in the VISTA-VIDEO survey
• Finding Quasars behind the Galactic Plane. I. Candidate Selections with Transfer Learning
• The Near and Mid-infrared photometric properties of known redshift $z\ge 5$ Quasars
• ALMA constraints on star-forming gas in a prototypical z=1.5 clumpy galaxy: the dearth of CO(5-4) emission from UV-bright clumps
• Mid-Infrared Identifications of SCUBA Galaxies in the CUDSS 14-Hour Field with the Spitzer Space Telescope
• The Massive and Distant Clusters of WISE Survey IV: The Distribution of Active Galactic Nuclei in Galaxy Clusters at $z\sim 1$
• A Spectroscopic Survey of WISE-selected Obscured Quasars with the Southern African Large Telescope
• X-ray properties of BzK-selected galaxies in the deepest X-ray fields
• A Refined QSO Selection Method Using Diagnostics Tests: 663 QSO Candidates in the LMC
• Host galaxy colour gradients and accretion disc obscuration in AEGIS z~1 X-ray-selected active galactic nuclei
• Mid-infrared spectroscopy of high-redshift obscured quasars
• Can the unresolved X-ray background be explained by emission from the optically-detected faint galaxies of the GOODS project?
• Panchromatic Spectral Energy Distributions of Dusty Galaxies with RADISHE. I. Predictions for Herschel: Correlating Colors with Galactic Energy Sources
• The [OIII] profiles of infrared-selected active galactic nuclei: More powerful outflows in the obscured population
• Radio continuum properties of luminous infrared galaxies. Identifying the presence of an AGN in the radio
• A Catalog of Host Galaxies for WISE-Selected AGN: Connecting Host Properties with Nuclear Activity and Identifying Contaminants
• A Ks and IRAC Selection of High-Redshift Extremely Red Objects
• Testing the starburst/AGN connection with SWIRE X-ray/70 micron sources
• The WISE-2MASS Survey: Red Quasars Into the Radio Quiet Regime
• An Infrared Comparison of Type-1 and Type-2 Quasars
• Obscured Active Galactic Nuclei triggered in compact star-forming galaxies
• Obscured Starburst Activity in High Redshift Clusters and Groups
• Properties and environment of Radio Emitting Galaxies in the VLA-zCOSMOS survey
• Robust Identification of Active Galactic Nuclei through HST Optical Variability in GOODS-S: Comparison with the X-ray and mid-IR Selected Samples
• SUDARE-VOICE variability-selection of Active Galaxies in the Chandra Deep Field South and the SERVS/SWIRE region
• The Revealing Dust: Mid-Infrared Activity in Hickson Compact Group Galaxy Nuclei
• Impacts of a Supersonic Shock Front on Star Formation in the Bullet Cluster
• SUPER V. ALMA continuum observations of z~2 AGN and the elusive evidence of outflows influencing star formation
• The Stripe 82 1-2 GHz Very Large Array Snapshot Survey: host galaxy properties and accretion rates of radio galaxies
• The Subaru-XMM-Newton Deep Survey (SXDS) VIII.: Multi-wavelength Identification, Optical/NIR Spectroscopic Properties, and Photometric Redshifts of X-ray Sources
• Chandra and Spitzer observations of CDFS X-ray obscured QSOs
• Kiloparsec-scale radio emission in Seyfert and LINER galaxies
• CLEAR: High-Ionization [Ne V] $\lambda$3426 Emission-line Galaxies at $1.4<z<2.3$
• The QUEST-La Silla AGN Variability Survey: selection of AGN candidates through optical variability
• Properties of AGN Multiband Optical Variability in the HSC SSP Transient Survey
• A Study of Quasar Selection in the Dark Energy Survey Supernova fields
• The HELLAS2XMM Survey. XII. The infrared/sub-millimeter view of an X-ray selected Type 2 quasar at z=2
• Keck spectroscopy of z=1-3 ULIRGs from the Spitzer SWIRE survey
• On R-W1 as A Diagnostic to Discover Obscured Active Galactic Nuclei in Wide-Area X-ray Surveys
• The space density of Compton-thick AGN at z~0.8 in the zCOSMOS-Bright Survey
• The SEDs, Host Galaxies and Environments of Variability Selected AGN in GOODS-S
• The Past and Future of Mid-Infrared Studies of AGN
• An 80-kpc Lyman-alpha halo around a high redshift type-2 QSO
• The central energy source of 70micron-selected galaxies: Starburst or AGN?
• Active Galactic Nuclei as seen by the Spitzer Space Telescope
• Spitzer Observations of the North Ecliptic Pole
• The faint source population at 15.7 GHz - III. A high-frequency study of HERGs and LERGs
• The QUEST-La Silla AGN Variability Survey
• High-resolution VLA Imaging of Obscured Quasars: Young Radio Jets Caught in a Dense ISM
• Spectral Variability of Radio Sources at Low Frequencies
• AGN in post-mergers from the Ultraviolet Near Infrared Optical Northern Survey
• Continuous Mid-Infrared Star Formation Rate Indicators: Diagnostics for 0<z<3 Star Forming Galaxies
• CO emission in optically obscured (type-2) quasars at redshifts z=0.1-0.4
• Classification and environmental properties of X-ray selected point-like sources in the XMM-LSS field
• The ISO-2MASS AGN survey: On the type-1 sources
• THE MOSDEF SURVEY: The Nature of Mid-Infrared Excess Galaxies and a Comparison of IR and UV Star Formation Tracers at z~2
• Infrared and X-Ray Evidence of an AGN in the NGC 3256 Southern Nucleus
• The Australia Telescope Large Area Survey: 2.3 GHz observations of ELAIS-S1 and CDF-S
• The GLEAM 4-Jy (G4Jy) Sample: I. Definition and the catalogue
• AzTEC 1.1 mm images of 16 radio galaxies at 0.5<z<5.2 and a quasar at z=6.3
• Dual AGN candidates with double-peaked [O III] lines matching that of confirmed dual AGNs
• Using the 1.6um Bump to Study Rest-frame NIR Selected Galaxies at Redshift 2
• Radio follow-up of gravitational wave triggers during Advanced LIGO O1
• Spectroscopic identifications of Spitzer sources in the SWIRE/XMM-NEWTON/ELAIS-S1 field: a large fraction of Active Galactic Nuclei with high F(24micron)/F(R) ratio
• Near Infrared Spectra and Intrinsic Luminosities of Candidate Type II Quasars at 2 < z < 3.4
• Ultra Steep Spectrum radio sources in the Lockman Hole: SERVS identifications and redshift distribution at the faintest radio fluxes
• The Origin of the 24-micron Excess in Red Galaxies
• Enhancing the H2O Megamaser Detection Rate Using Optical and Mid-infrared Photometry
• Multi-wavelength analysis of 18um-selected galaxies in the AKARI/IRC monitor field towards the North Ecliptic Pole
• An extinction free AGN selection by 18-band SED fitting in mid-infrared in the AKARI NEP deep field
• The XMM-Newton survey of the ELAIS-S1 field II: optical identifications and multiwavelength catalogue of X-ray sources
• Host Dark Matter Halos of WISE-selected Obscured & Unobscured Quasars: Evidence for Evolution
• Hyperluminous starburst gives up its secrets
• The AGN contribution to the UV-FIR luminosities of interacting galaxies and its role in identifying the Main Sequence
• The BLAST 250-micron selected galaxy population in GOODS-South
• A Multiwavelength view of IC 860: What Is in Action inside Quenching Galaxies
• A Highly Magnified Gravitationally Lensed Red QSO at z = 2.5 with a Significant Flux Ratio Anomaly
• The contribution of very massive high-redshift SWIRE galaxies to the stellar mass function
• The composite nature of Dust-Obscured Galaxies (DOGs) at z~2-3 in the COSMOS field: I. A Far-Infrared View
• A population of high-redshift type-2 quasars-II. Radio Properties
• Optical and infrared properties of active galactic nuclei in the Lockman Hole
• X-ray selected Infrared Excess AGN in the Chandra Deep Fields: a moderate fraction of Compton-thick sources
• Genuine Retrieval of the AGN Host Stellar Population (GRAHSP)
• The Lockman Hole project: gas and galaxy properties from a stacking experiment
• Deep u*- and g-band Imaging of the Spitzer Space Telescope First Look Survey Field : Observations and Source Catalogs
• The ESO-Spitzer Imaging extragalactic Survey (ESIS) II: VIMOS I,z wide field imaging of ELAIS-S1 and selection of distant massive galaxies
• A Joint Model of the X-ray And Infrared Extragalactic Backgrounds: I. Model Construction And First Results
• NuSTAR and Keck Observations of Heavily Obscured Quasars Selected by WISE
• Passive and star-forming galaxies at $1.4\le z\le 2.5$ in the Aegis field
• Spitzer Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy of Distant X-ray Luminous AGN
• Galaxy Clusters in the IRAC Dark Field II: Mid-IR Sources
• Searching for luminous absorbed sources in the WISE AGN catalogue
• The XMM-Newton deep survey in the CDF-S VI. Obscured AGN selected as infrared power-law galaxies
• The Accretion History of AGN: A Newly Defined Population of Cold Quasars
• Mapping the Morphology and Kinematics of a Lyman-alpha-selected Nebula at z=3.15 with MUSE
• PRIMUS: Obscured Star Formation on the Red Sequence
• ELDAR, a new method to identify AGN in multi-filter surveys: the ALHAMBRA test-case
• The Halo Occupation Distribution of Obscured Quasars: Revisiting the Unification Model
• Extending the variability selection of active galactic nuclei in the W-CDF-S and SERVS/SWIRE region
• Radio Observations of the Hubble Deep Field South Region IV: Optical Properties of the Faint Radio Population
• AEGIS: A Panchromatic Study of IRAC-selected Extremely Red Objects with Confirmed Spectroscopic Redshifts
• Beyond Simple AGN Unification with Chandra-observed 3CRR Sources
• The IRAC Dark Field; Far- Infrared to X-ray Data
• The S4G perspective on circumstellar dust extinction of AGB stars in M100
• New quasars behind the Magellanic Clouds. Spectroscopic confirmation of near-infrared selected candidates
• The Nature of Obscuration in AGN: I. Insights from Host Galaxies
• The Role of AGN in Luminous Infrared Galaxies from the Multiwavelength Perspective
• A Multi-wavelength Survey of AGN in Massive Clusters: AGN Detection and Cluster AGN Fraction
• AKARI mid-infrared slitless spectroscopic survey of star-forming galaxies at $z\lesssim 0.5$
• Infrared colour properties of nearby radio-luminous galaxies
• The Discovery of a Low-Luminosity SPIRAL DRAGN
• The Environment on few Mpc scales of Infrared Luminous Galaxies at Redshifts z~1
• A multi-wavelength approach to the properties of Extremely Red Galaxy populations: I - Contribution to the Star Formation Rate density and AGN content
• A Generalized Power-Law Diagnostic for Infrared Galaxies at z>1: Active Galactic Nuclei and Hot Interstellar Dust
• The First Measurements of Galaxy Clustering from IRAC Data of the Spitzer First Look Survey
• The Nature of the Faint Low-Frequency Radio Source Population
• An Active Galactic Nucleus Recognition Model based on Deep Neural Network
• Identifying quasars with astrometric and mid-infrared methods from APOP and ALLWISE
• Mid-Infrared Selected Quasars I: Virial Black Hole Mass and Eddington Ratios
• Asteroid Distributions in the Ecliptic
• A unifying evolutionary framework for infrared-selected obscured and unobscured quasar host haloes
• The Invisible AGN Catalogue: A Mid-Infrared - Radio Selection Method for Optically-Faint Active Galactic Nuclei
• A Joint Model Of X-ray And Infrared Backgrounds. II. Compton-Thick AGN Abundance
• Continuum optical-UV and X-ray variability of AGN: current results and future challenges
• Host galaxy properties and environment of obscured and unobscured X-ray selected Active Galactic Nuclei in the COSMOS survey
• Identification of AGN in the XMM-Newton X-ray survey of the SMC
• Spectroscopic Identifications of SWIRE sources in ELAIS-N1
• Submillimetre Source Counts in the Fields of High-Redshift Galaxy Clusters
• Spectroscopy of Putative Brown Dwarfs in Taurus
• The host galaxies of micro-Jansky radio sources
• The Clustering of Extremely Red Objects
• The eROSITA Final Equatorial-Depth Survey (eFEDS): The first archetypal Quasar in the feedback phase discovered by eROSITA
• Large scale structures around radio galaxies at z~1.5
• The Structure of Active Merger Remnant NGC 6240 from IRAC Observations
• The stellar, molecular gas and dust content of the host galaxies of two z~2.8 dust obscured quasars
• The Evolution of AGN Activity in Brightest Cluster Galaxies
• Variable AGN in the GALEX Time Domain Survey
• The dependency of AGN infrared color-selection on source luminosity and obscuration: An observational perspective in CDFS and COSMOS
• Automated Cross-identifying Radio to Infra-red Surveys Using the LRPY Algorithm: A Case Study
• Submm/mm Galaxy Counterpart Identification Using a Characteristic Density Distribution
• Chandra Stacking Constraints on the Contribution of 24 micron Spitzer Sources to the Unresolved Cosmic X-ray Background
• After the interaction: an efficiently star-forming molecular disk in NGC5195
• The OTELO survey. III. Demography, morphology, IR luminosity and environment of AGN hosts
• Does AGN Fraction Depend on Redshift or Luminosity? An Extinction-Free Test by 18-band Mid-infrared SED Fitting in the AKARI NEP Wide Field
• Parametric modelling of the 3.6um to 8um colour distributions of galaxies in the SWIRE Survey
• MALS SALT-NOT survey of MIR-selected powerful radio-bright AGN at 0<z<3.5
• A panchromatic study of BLAST counterparts: total star-formation rate, morphology, AGN fraction and stellar mass
• The XMM Deep Survey in the CDF-S VII. UV catalogue of the Optical Monitor observations
• Obscured AGN enhancement in galaxy pairs at cosmic noon: evidence from a probabilistic treatment of photometric redshifts
• AKARI/IRC source catalogues and source counts for the IRAC Dark Field, ELAIS North and the AKARI Deep Field South
• Cosmic evolution of radio-excess AGNs in quiescent and star-forming galaxies across $0<z<4$
• Surveys of the Cosmic X-ray Background
• Where Do Obscured AGN Fit in A Galaxy's Timeline?
• Narrow-line AGN in the ISO-2MASS Survey
• The Infrared Properties of Sources Matched in the WISE all-sky and Herschel-ATLAS Surveys
• A multi-wavelength analysis of Spitzer selected Coma Cluster galaxies: star formation rates and masses
• Spitzer observations of Abell 1763 - II: Constraining the nature of activity in the cluster-feeding filament with VLA and XMM-Newton data
• A UV Ultra-luminous Lyman Break Galaxy at Z=2.78 in NDWFS Bootes Field
• The Evolution of the Low-Frequency Radio AGN Population to $z\simeq 1.5$ in the ELAIS N1 Field
• The effect of the morphological quenching mechanism on star formation activity at 0.5 < z < 1.5 in 3D-HST/CANDELS
• Active Galactic Nuclei and their Role in Galaxy Evolution: The Infrared Perspective
• The unification of powerful quasars and radio galaxies and their relation to other massive galaxies
• Revisiting the Color-Color Selection: Submillimeter and AGN Properties of NUV-r-J Selected Quiescent Galaxies
• Long-term NIR Variability in the UKIDSS Ultra Deep Survey: a new probe of AGN activity at high redshift
• Characterization of AGN and their hosts in the Extended Groth Strip: a multiwavelength analysis
• Selection of AGN candidates in the GOODS-South Field through SPITZER/MIPS 24 $\mu$m variability
• An empirical approach to selecting the first growing black hole seeds with JWST/NIRCam
• EFOSC2 Spectroscopy of SWIRE-CDFS Galaxies
• The VMC Survey -- XLIX. Discovery of a population of quasars dominated by nuclear dust emission behind the Magellanic Clouds
• The Impact of the Dusty Torus on Obscured Quasar Halo Mass Measurements
• Physical Properties, Star Formation, and Active Galactic Nucleus Activity in Balmer Break Galaxies at 0 < z < 1
• Disentangling the AGN and Star-Formation Contributions to the Radio-X-ray Emission of Radio-Loud Quasars at 1<z<2
• Consistent analysis of the AGN LF in X-ray and MIR in the XMM-LSS field
• HerMES: Disentangling active galactic nuclei and star formation in the radio source population
• The Type Ia Supernova Rate in Radio and Infrared Galaxies from the CFHT Supernova Legacy Survey
• Eddington Ratios of Dust-obscured Quasars at $z\lesssim 1$: Evidence Supporting Dust-obscured Quasars as Young Quasars
• Spectroscopic follow-up of 70μm sources in Spitzer Wide-area Infrared Extragalactic Legacy Survey
• A Multiwavelength View of Star Formation in Interacting Galaxies in the Pavo Group
• Infrared-detected AGNs in the Local Universe
• Environment of $1\le z\le 2$ obscured and unobscured AGNs in the Extended Chandra Deep Field South
• Photometric Redshifts of Submillimeter Galaxies
• Infrared Colours and Spectral Energy Distributions of Hard X-ray Selected Obscured and Compton-thick AGN
• Low-frequency radio spectra of submillimetre galaxies in the Lockman Hole
• SkyMapper colours of Seyfert galaxies and Changing-Look AGN
• AMUSE-VIRGO. III: mid-infrared photometry of early-type galaxies and limits on obscured nuclear emission
• A Peculiar Type~II QSO Identified via Broad-band Detection of Extreme Nebular Line Emission
• Tracing Recent Star Formation of Red Early-type Galaxies out to $z$ $\sim$ 1
• Investigating the complex X-ray spectrum of a broad-line 2MASS red quasar: XMM-Newton observation of FTM 0830+3759
• Mid-Infrared and X-ray luminosity correlations of X-ray point sources in NGC 1399
• The faint radio source population at 15.7 GHz -- IV. The dominance of core emission in faint radio galaxies
• Beyond Traditional Diagnostics: Identifying Active Galactic Nuclei with Spectral Energy Distribution Fitting in DESI Data
• Stellar Mass and 3.4 $\mu$m M/L Ratio Evolution of Brightest Cluster Galaxies in COSMOS since z ~ 1.0
• Evidence for non-stellar rest-frame near-IR emission associated with increased star formation in galaxies at $z\sim 1$
• Infrared spectroscopic confirmation of z~2 photometrically-selected obscured quasars
• The hunt for red AGN: a new infrared diagnostic
• A Census of Mid-Infrared Selected Active Galactic Nuclei in Massive Galaxy Clusters at 0 < z < 1.3
• The Active Nucleus of IC4970: A Nearby Example of Merger-Induced Cold-Gas Accretion
• Properties of IR selected Active Galactic Nuclei
• Identifying type II quasars at intermediate redshift with few-shot learning photometric classification
• A subarcsecond near-infrared view of massive galaxies at z > 1 with Gemini Multiconjugate Adaptive Optics
• A Large Massive Quiescent Galaxy Sample at z~1.2
• Role of AGNs in the Luminous Infrared Galaxy phase since z ~ 3
• A Statistical Study of H I Gas in Nearby Narrow-Line AGN-Hosting Galaxies
• A Complete 16 micron-Selected Galaxy Sample at $z\sim 1$: Mid-infrared Spectral Energy Distributions
• Quasars and their host galaxies
• Efficient detection of emission line galaxies in the Cl0016+1609 and MACSJ1621.4+3810 supercluster filaments using SITELLE
• Spectroscopic characterization of the protocluster of galaxies around 7C 1756+6520 at z ~ 1.4
• Star formation history of $0.1\le \text{z}\le 1.5$ mass-selected galaxies in the ELAIS-N1 Field
• Discovery of two quasars at $z=5$ from the OGLE Survey
• Obscuration by Gas and Dust in Luminous Quasars
• The Lockman--SpReSO project. Main properties of infrared selected star-forming galaxies
• The Wyoming Survey for H-alpha. III. A Multi-wavelength Look at Attenuation by Dust in Galaxies out to z~0.4
• Environmental Effects on the Star Formation Activity at z~0.9 in the COSMOS Field
• AGN counts at 15um. XMM observations of the ELAIS-S1-5 sample
• The reddest ISO-2MASS quasar
• The Dirt on Dry Mergers
• Most supermassive black hole growth is obscured by dust
• Probing the Infrared/Radio correlation of the full IRAS Revised Bright Galaxy Sample with MeerKAT and the VLA
• Properties of Near-Infrared Selected AGN Candidates with 2MASS/ROSAT Catalogues
• Host galaxy and nuclear properties of IR-selected AGNs with and without outflow signatures
• Hosts of Type II Quasars: an HST Study
• X-ray selection of Compton Thick AGN at high redshift
• A new search for variability-selected active galaxies within the VST SUDARE-VOICE survey: the Chandra Deep Field South and the SERVS-SWIRE area
• The Nature of LoBAL QSOs: II. HST/WFC3 Observations Reveal Host Galaxies Dominated by Mergers
• Radio properties of high-redshift galaxies at $z\ge 1$
• Decadal Variability Survey in MACSJ1149
• Obscured accretion from AGN surveys
• Effectiveness of WISE colour-based selection techniques to uncover obscured AGN
• Long term optical variability of bright X-ray point sources in elliptical galaxies
• Identifying Compton-thick active galactic nuclei in the COSMOS. II. Searching among mid-infrared selected AGNs
• Mid-infrared Variability-based AGN Selection using the Multi-epoch Photometric Data from WISE
• MaNGA AGN dwarf galaxies (MAD) -- IV. Revealing hidden AGN in dwarf galaxies with radio observations
• Obscured and unobscured X-ray AGNs I: Host galaxy properties
• Spectral energy distributions of quasars selected in the mid-infrared
• The Compact Star-Forming Galaxies at $2<z<3$ in 3D-HST/CANDELS: AGN and Non-AGN Physical Properties
• Studying the spectral properties of Active Galactic Nuclei in the JWST era
• Identifying AGN host galaxies by Machine Learning with HSC+WISE
• A multiwavelength study of near- and mid-infrared selected galaxies at high redshift: ERGs, AGN-identification and the contribution from dust
• Star formation activity in Balmer break galaxies at $z$ < 1.5
• Searching Water Megamasers By Using Mid-infrared Spectroscopy (I): Possible Mid-infrared Indicators