The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs. A sub-Neptunian mass planet in the habitable zone of HN Lib

Abstract

We report the discovery of HN Lib b, a sub-Neptunian mass planet orbiting the nearby ($d\approx$ = 6.25 pc) M4.0 V star HN Lib detected by our CARMENES radial-velocity (RV) survey. We determined a planetary minimum mass of $M_{\text{b}}\sin i=$ 5.46 $\pm$ 0.75 ${\text{M}}_{\oplus }$ and an orbital period of $P_{\text{b}}=$ 36.116 $\pm$ 0.029 d, using $\sim$5 yr of CARMENES data, as well as archival RVs from HARPS and HIRES spanning more than 13 years. The flux received by the planet equals half the instellation on Earth, which places it in the middle of the conservative habitable zone (HZ) of its host star. The RV data show evidence for another planet candidate with $M_{\text{[c]}}\sin i=$ 9.7 $\pm$ 1.9 ${\text{M}}_{\oplus }$ and $P_{\text{[c]}}=$ 113.46 $\pm$ 0.20 d. The long-term stability of the signal and the fact that the best model for our data is a two-planet model with an independent activity component stand as strong arguments for establishing a planetary origin. However, we cannot rule out stellar activity due to its proximity to the rotation period of HN Lib, which we measured using CARMENES activity indicators and photometric data from a ground-based multi-site campaign as well as archival data. The discovery adds HN Lib b to the shortlist of super-Earth planets in the habitable zone of M dwarfs, but HN Lib [c] probably cannot be inhabited because, if confirmed, it would most likely be an icy giant.

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