Four newborn planets transiting the young solar analog V1298 Tau

Abstract

Exoplanets orbiting pre-main sequence stars are laboratories for studying planet evolution processes, including atmospheric loss, orbital migration, and radiative cooling. V1298 Tau, a young solar analog with an age of 23 $\pm$ 4 Myr, is one such laboratory. The star is already known to host a Jupiter-sized planet on a 24 day orbit. Here, we report the discovery of three additional planets --- all between the size of Neptune and Saturn --- based on our analysis of K2 Campaign 4 photometry. Planets c and d have sizes of 5.6 and 6.4 $R_{\oplus }$, respectively and with orbital periods of 8.25 and 12.40 days reside 0.25% outside of the nominal 3:2 mean-motion resonance. Planet e is 8.7 $R_{\oplus }$ in size but only transited once in the K2 time series and thus has a period longer than 36 days, but likely shorter than 223 days. The V1298 Tau system may be a precursor to the compact multiplanet systems found to be common by the Kepler mission. However, the large planet sizes stand in sharp contrast to the vast majority of Kepler multis which have planets smaller than 3 $R_{\oplus }$. Simple dynamical arguments suggest total masses of $<$28 $M_{\oplus }$ and $<$120 $M_{\oplus }$ for the c-d and d-b planet pairs, respectively. The implied low masses suggest that the planets may still be radiatively cooling and contracting, and perhaps losing atmosphere. The V1298 Tau system offers rich prospects for further follow-up including atmospheric characterization by transmission or eclipse spectroscopy, dynamical characterization through transit-timing variations, and measurements of planet masses and obliquities by radial velocities.

arXiv commentaccepted to ApJL. 18 pages, 4 figures, 1 table

References in corpus (68)

• Astropy: A Community Python Package for Astronomy
• emcee: The MCMC Hammer
• The NumPy array: a structure for efficient numerical computation
• Binary companions of evolved stars in APOGEE DR14: Search method and catalog of ~5,000 companions
• The K2 Mission: Characterization and Early results
• The California-Kepler Survey. III. A Gap in the Radius Distribution of Small Planets
• Fast and scalable Gaussian process modeling with applications to astronomical time series
• A box-fitting algorithm in the search for periodic transits
• Efficient, uninformative sampling of limb darkening coefficients for two-parameter laws
• The NASA Exoplanet Archive: Data and Tools for Exoplanet Research
• Kepler planets: a tale of evaporation
• Architecture and Dynamics of Kepler's Candidate Multiple Transiting Planet Systems
• Architecture of Kepler's Multi-transiting Systems: II. New investigations with twice as many candidates
• Probabilistic Forecasting of the Masses and Radii of Other Worlds
• Infrared Transmission Spectroscopy of the Exoplanets HD209458b and XO-1b Using the Wide Field Camera-3 on the Hubble Space Telescope
• An asteroseismic view of the radius valley: stripped cores, not born rocky
• The Role of Core Mass in Controlling Evaporation: the Kepler Radius Distribution and the Kepler-36 Density Dichotomy
• The Minimum-Mass Extrasolar Nebula: In-Situ Formation of Close-In Super-Earths
• Kepler-36: A Pair of Planets with Neighboring Orbits and Dissimilar Densities
• Migration and the formation of systems of hot super-Earths and Neptunes
• Terrestrial Planet Occurrence Rates for the Kepler GK Dwarf Sample
• Reversing type II migration: resonance trapping of a lighter giant protoplanet
• Extracting Planet Mass and Eccentricity From TTV data
• STARRY: Analytic Occultation Light Curves
• The California-Kepler Survey V. Peas in a Pod: Planets in a Kepler Multi-planet System are Similar in Size and Regularly Spaced
• Parametrizing the exoplanet eccentricity distribution with the Beta distribution
• Eccentricity from transit photometry: small planets in Kepler multi-planet systems have low eccentricities
• Migration then assembly: Formation of Neptune mass planets inside 1 AU
• Breeding Super-Earths and Birthing Super-Puffs in Transitional Disks
• Make Super-Earths, Not Jupiters: Accreting Nebular Gas onto Solid Cores at 0.1 AU and Beyond
• Testing In Situ Assembly with the Kepler Planet Candidate Sample
• Densities and Eccentricities of 139 Kepler Planets from Transit Time Variations
• Exoplanet Orbital Eccentricities Derived From LAMOST-Kepler Analysis
• Architecture of Planetary Systems Based on Kepler Data: Number of Planets and Coplanarity
• Inside-Out Planet Formation
• Toward a Deterministic Model of Planetary Formation VI: Dynamical Interaction and Coagulation of Multiple Rocky Embryos and Super-Earth Systems around Solar Type Stars
• Kepler Planet Masses and Eccentricities from TTV Analysis
• Alignment of the stellar spin with the orbits of a three-planet system
• In-situ Accretion of Hydrogen-Rich Atmospheres on Short-Period Super-Earths: Implications for the Kepler-11 Planets
• Very Low-Density Planets around Kepler-51 Revealed with Transit Timing Variations and an Anomaly Similar to a Planet-Planet Eclipse Event
• K2SC: Flexible systematics correction and detrending of K2 light curves using Gaussian Process regression
• Transit Timing Observations from Kepler: VII. Confirmation of 27 planets in 13 multiplanet systems via Transit Timing Variations and orbital stability
• A Neptune-sized transiting planet closely orbiting a 5-10-million-year-old star
• Rotation Periods, Variability Properties and Ages for Kepler Exoplanet Candidate Host Stars
• A First Comparison of Kepler Planet Candidates in Single and Multiple Systems
• Asteroseismic determination of obliquities of the exoplanet systems Kepler-50 and Kepler-65
• The statistics of multi-planet systems
• Zodiacal Exoplanets in Time (ZEIT) III: A short-period planet orbiting a pre-main-sequence star in the Upper Scorpius OB Association
• On disc driven inward migration of resonantly coupled planets with application to the system around GJ876
• Kepler Multi-Planet Systems Exhibit Unexpected Intra-system Uniformity in Mass and Radius
• Low stellar obliquities in compact multiplanet systems
• TESS Hunt for Young and Maturing Exoplanets (THYME): A planet in the 45 Myr Tucana-Horologium association
• Zodiacal Exoplanets In Time (ZEIT) I: A Neptune-sized planet orbiting an M4.5 dwarf in the Hyades Star Cluster
• Zodiacal Exoplanets in Time (ZEIT) IV: seven transiting planets in the Praesepe cluster
• Obliquities of Kepler Stars: Comparison of Single- and Multiple-Transit Systems
• An update to the EVEREST K2 pipeline: Short cadence, saturated stars, and Kepler-like photometry down to Kp = 15
• Planet-Planet Eclipse and the Rossiter-McLaughlin Effect of a Multiple Transiting System: Joint Analysis of the Subaru Spectroscopy and the Kepler Photometry
• Are Planetary Systems Filled to Capacity? A Study Based on Kepler Results
• On The Relative Sizes of Planets Within Kepler Multiple Candidate Systems
• A giant impact as the likely origin of different twins in the Kepler-107 exoplanet system
• Measurement of planet masses with transit timing variations due to synodic "chopping" effects
• Five Kepler target stars that show multiple transiting exoplanet candidates
• Correlations between compositions and orbits established by the giant impact era of planet formation
• A warm Jupiter-sized planet transiting the pre-main sequence star V1298 Tau
• Rapid dynamical chaos in an exoplanetary system
• A possibly inflated planet around the bright, young star DS Tuc A
• Predicting Exoplanets Mass and Radius: A Nonparametric Approach
• An Analytic Criterion for Turbulent Disruption of Planetary Resonances

Cited by in corpus (96)

• Stellar obliquities in exoplanetary systems
• SPIRou: nIR velocimetry & spectropolarimetry at the CFHT
• The nature and origins of sub-Neptune size planets
• Flare Statistics for Young Stars from a Convolutional Neural Network Analysis of $\text{TESS}$ Data
• The California-Kepler Survey. X. The Radius Gap as a Function of Stellar Mass, Metallicity, and Age
• Atmosphere Origins for Exoplanet Sub-Neptunes
• TESS Hunt for Young and Maturing Exoplanets (THYME) III: a two-planet system in the 400 Myr Ursa Major Group
• Investigating the young AU~Mic system with SPIRou: large-scale stellar magnetic field and close-in planet mass
• Deflating Super-Puffs: Impact of Photochemical Hazes on the Observed Mass-Radius Relationship of Low Mass Planets
• TESS Hunt for Young and Maturing Exoplanets (THYME) VI: an 11 Myr giant planet transiting a very low-mass star in Lower Centaurus Crux
• The magnetic field and multiple planets of the young dwarf AU~Mic
• Limits on the Spin-Orbit Angle and Atmospheric Escape for the 22 Myr-old Planet AU Mic b
• The Habitable-zone Planet Finder Reveals A High Mass and a Low Obliquity for the Young Neptune K2-25b
• Rapid contraction of giant planets orbiting the 20 million-years old star V1298 Tau
• TOI-1136 is a Young, Coplanar, Aligned Planetary System in a Pristine Resonant Chain
• One year of AU Mic with HARPS: II -- stellar activity and star-planet interaction
• TESS Hunt for Young and Maturing Exoplanets (THYME) V: A Sub-Neptune Transiting a Young Star in a Newly Discovered 250 Myr Association
• Two young planetary systems around field stars with ages between 20-320 Myr from TESS
• Cluster Difference Imaging Photometric Survey. II. TOI 837: A Young Validated Planet in IC 2602
• X-ray irradiation and evaporation of the four young planets around V1298 Tau
• Overfitting Affects the Reliability of Radial Velocity Mass Estimates of the V1298 Tau Planets
• One year of AU Mic with HARPS: I -- measuring the masses of the two transiting planets
• A Relationship Between Stellar Age and Spot Coverage
• Constraints on the mass and atmospheric composition and evolution of the low-density young planet DS Tuc A b
• Efficient modeling of correlated noise. III. Scalable methods for jointly modeling several observables' time series with Gaussian processes
• Constraining the entropy of formation from young transiting planets
• Rotation and Lithium Confirmation of a 500 Parsec Halo for the Open Cluster NGC 2516
• The GAPS Programme with HARPS-N at TNG. XXXVII. A precise density measurement of the young ultra-short period planet TOI-1807 b
• TOI-2076 and TOI-1807: Two young, comoving planetary systems within 50 pc identified by TESS that are ideal candidates for further follow-up
• AU Microscopii in the FUV: Observations in Quiescence, During Flares, and Implications for AU Mic b and c
• Mutual Orbital Inclinations Between Cold Jupiters and Inner Super-Earths
• H-alpha and Ca II Infrared Triplet Variations During a Transit of the 23 Myr Planet V1298 Tau c
• The GAPS Programme at TNG XXVIII -- A pair of hot-Neptunes orbiting the young star TOI-942
• The GAPS Programme at TNG XXVII. Reassessment of a young planetary system with HARPS-N: is the hot Jupiter V830 Tau b really there?
• An Aligned Orbit for the Young Planet V1298 Tau b
• TESS Hunt for Young and Maturing Exoplanets (THYME) IX: a 27 Myr extended population of Lower-Centaurus Crux with a transiting two-planet system
• A PSF-based Approach to TESS High quality data Of Stellar clusters (PATHOS) -- III. Exploring the properties of young associations through their variables, dippers, and candidate exoplanets
• The MOPYS project: A survey of 70 planets in search of extended He I and H atmospheres. No evidence of enhanced evaporation in young planets
• The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs, Wolf 1069 b: Earth-mass planet in the habitable zone of a nearby, very low-mass star
• TESS Hunt for Young and Maturing Exoplanets (THYME) VII : Membership, rotation, and lithium in the young cluster Group-X and a new young exoplanet
• A PSF-based Approach to TESS High quality data Of Stellar clusters (PATHOS) -- IV. Candidate exoplanets around stars in open clusters: frequency and age-planetary radius distribution
• V1298 Tau with TESS: Updated Ephemerides, Radii, and Period Constraints from a Second Transit of V1298 Tau e
• Monitoring the young planet host V1298 Tau with SPIRou: planetary system and evolving large-scale magnetic field
• A Mini-Neptune from TESS and CHEOPS Around the 120 Myr Old AB Dor member HIP 94235
• The obliquity of HIP 67522 b: a 17 Myr old transiting hot Jupiter-sized planet
• New constraints on the future evaporation of the young exoplanets in the V1298 Tau system
• TESS Investigation -- Demographics of Young Exoplanets (TI-DYE) II: a second giant planet in the 17-Myr system HIP 67522
• Zodiacal Exoplanets in Time (ZEIT) XIII: Planet Orbits and Atmospheres in the V1298 Tau System, a Keystone in Studies of Early Planetary Evolution
• Confirmation of an He I evaporating atmosphere around the 650-Myr-old sub-Neptune HD235088 b (TOI-1430 b) with CARMENES
• The Young Planet DS Tuc Ab has a Low Obliquity
• The metal-poor atmosphere of a Neptune/Sub-Neptune planet progenitor
• A 38 Million Year Old Neptune-Sized Planet in the Kepler Field
• The influence of host star activity evolution on the population of super-Earths and mini-Neptunes
• The T Tauri star V410 Tau in the eyes of SPIRou and TESS
• TOI-1268b: the youngest, hot, Saturn-mass transiting exoplanet
• Pterodactyls: A Tool to Uniformly Search and Vet for Young Transiting Planets In TESS Primary Mission Photometry
• TOI-4010: A System of Three Large Short-Period Planets With a Massive Long-Period Companion
• XUV emission of the young planet-hosting star V1298\,Tau from coordinated observations with XMM-Newton and HST
• The GAPS program at TNG XLVII: The unusual formation history of V1298 Tau
• Revising Properties of Planet-Host Binary Systems. IV. The Radius Distribution of Small Planets in Binary Star Systems is Dependent on Stellar Separation
• TOI-179: a young system with a transiting compact Neptune-mass planet and a low-mass companion in outer orbit
• A HARPS radial velocity search for planets in the Scorpius-Centaurus association. And its combination with the HARPS and SOPHIE young nearby stars (YNS) surveys
• TOI-1801 b: A temperate mini-Neptune around a young M0.5 dwarf
• First Comparative Exoplanetology Within a Transiting Multi-planet System: Comparing the atmospheres of V1298 Tau b and c
• TOI-4562 b: A highly eccentric temperate Jupiter analog orbiting a young field star
• The active weak-line T Tauri star LkCa 4 observed with SPIRou and TESS
• Non-detection of Helium in the Hot Jupiter WASP-48b
• Joint Modeling of Radial Velocities and Photometry with a Gaussian Process Framework
• Architecture Classification for Extrasolar Planetary Systems
• Stability Constrained Characterization of the 23 Myr-old V1298 Tau System: Do Young Planets Form in Mean Motion Resonance Chains?
• Updated Planetary Mass Constraints of the Young V1298 Tau System Using MAROON-X
• Hazy with a chance of star spots: constraining the atmosphere of the young planet, K2-33b
• Laplace-like resonances with tidal effects
• A young progenitor for the most common planetary systems in the Galaxy
• Planetary companions orbiting the M dwarfs GJ 724 and GJ 3988. A CARMENES and IRD collaboration
• Simulated mass measurements of the young planet K2-33b
• Amplitude Modulation of Short-Timescale Hot Spot Variability
• Characterization of the HD 108236 system with CHEOPS and TESS. Confirmation of a fifth transiting planet
• Orbital Dynamics and the Evolution of Planetary Habitability in the AU Mic System
• TOI-837 b: characterisation, formation and evolutionary history of an infant warm Saturn-mass planet
• IGRINS RV: A Precision RV Pipeline for IGRINS Using Modified Forward Modeling in the Near-Infrared
• The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs. A sub-Neptunian mass planet in the habitable zone of HN Lib
• Solar Hα excess during Solar Cycle 24 from full-disk filtergrams of the Chromospheric Telescope
• A transiting multi-planet system in the 61 million year old association Theia 116
• TOI-2458 b: A mini-Neptune consistent with in situ hot Jupiter formation
• A sub-Neptune transiting the young field star HD 18599 at 40 pc
• A search for stellar siblings of the ~ 200 Myr TOI-251b planetary system
• Search for giant planets in M67 V: a warm Jupiter orbiting the turn-off star S1429
• A Search for Planetary Metastable Helium Absorption in the V1298 Tau System
• Radio prospects of extrasolar aurorae polaris as a probe of planetary magnetism
• KRONOS I: The $1-2.8\mu$m JWST Transmission Spectrum of the 23 Myr V1298 Tau c
• An Adolescent and Near-Resonant Planetary System Near the End of Photoevaporation
• Atmospheric characterization of HIP 67522 b with VLT/CRIRES+. VLT/CRIRES+ suggests a heavier planet and hints at deuterium fractionation
• First detection of variable radio emission originating from the infant planetary system V1298 Tau
• Transit Hunt for Young and Maturing Exoplanets (THYME) VIII: a Pleiades-age association harboring two transiting planetary systems from Kepler
• Twinkle Twinkle Little Star, Roman Sees Where You Are: Predicting Exoplanet Transit Yields in the Rosette Nebula with the Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope