TOI-1136 is a Young, Coplanar, Aligned Planetary System in a Pristine Resonant Chain

Abstract

Convergent disk migration has long been suspected to be responsible for forming planetary systems with a chain of mean-motion resonances (MMR). Dynamical evolution over time could disrupt the delicate resonant configuration. We present TOI-1136, a 700-Myr-old G star hosting at least 6 transiting planets between $\sim$2 and 5 $R_{\oplus }$. The orbital period ratios deviate from exact commensurability by only $10^{-4}$, smaller than the $\sim$\,$10^{-2}$ deviations seen in typical Kepler near-resonant systems. A transit-timing analysis measured the masses of the planets (3-8$M_{\oplus }$) and demonstrated that the planets in TOI-1136 are in true resonances with librating resonant angles. Based on a Rossiter-McLaughlin measurement of planet d, the star's rotation appears to be aligned with the planetary orbital planes. The well-aligned planetary system and the lack of detected binary companion together suggest that TOI-1136's resonant chain formed in an isolated, quiescent disk with no stellar fly-by, disk warp, or significant axial asymmetry. With period ratios near 3:2, 2:1, 3:2, 7:5, and 3:2, TOI-1136 is the first known resonant chain involving a second-order MMR (7:5) between two first-order MMR. The formation of the delicate 7:5 resonance places strong constraints on the system's migration history. Short-scale (starting from $\sim$0.1 AU) Type-I migration with an inner disk edge is most consistent with the formation of TOI-1136. A low disk surface density (${\Sigma }_{1AU}\lesssim 10^3$g~cm${}^{-2}$; lower than the minimum-mass solar nebula) and the resultant slower migration rate likely facilitated the formation of the 7:5 second-order MMR. TOI-1136's deep resonance suggests that it has not undergone much resonant repulsion during its 700-Myr lifetime. One can rule out rapid tidal dissipation within a rocky planet b or obliquity tides within the largest planets d and f.

arXiv comment48 pages, 23 figures, 8 tables. Accepted to AAS journals. Comments welcome!

References in corpus (151)

• emcee: The MCMC Hammer
• Gaia Data Release 2. Summary of the contents and survey properties
• The James Webb Space Telescope
• Seven temperate terrestrial planets around the nearby ultracool dwarf star TRAPPIST-1
• The California-Kepler Survey. III. A Gap in the Radius Distribution of Small Planets
• Improved Age Estimation for Solar-Type Dwarfs Using Activity-Rotation Diagnostics
• REBOUND: An open-source multi-purpose N-body code for collisional dynamics
• batman: BAsic Transit Model cAlculatioN in Python
• Kepler Presearch Data Conditioning II - A Bayesian Approach to Systematic Error Correction
• The Revised TESS Input Catalog and Candidate Target List
• A box-fitting algorithm in the search for periodic transits
• Efficient, uninformative sampling of limb darkening coefficients for two-parameter laws
• On the Unique Solution of Planet and Star Parameters from an Extrasolar Planet Transit Light Curve
• DHP Framework: Digital Health Passports Using Blockchain -- Use case on international tourism during the COVID-19 pandemic
• On detecting terrestrial planets with timing of giant planet transits
• Kepler Presearch Data Conditioning I - Architecture and Algorithms for Error Correction in Kepler Light Curves
• The evaporation valley in the Kepler planets
• EXOFAST: A fast exoplanetary fitting suite in IDL
• Planet-disk interaction and orbital evolution
• Architecture of Kepler's Multi-transiting Systems: II. New investigations with twice as many candidates
• IAS15: A fast, adaptive, high-order integrator for gravitational dynamics, accurate to machine precision over a billion orbits
• AstroImageJ: Image Processing and Photometric Extraction for Ultra-Precise Astronomical Light Curves (Expanded Edition)
• AstroImageJ: Image Processing and Photometric Extraction for Ultra-Precise Astronomical Light Curves
• Gas- and dust evolution in protoplanetary disks
• The California Kepler Survey VII. Precise Planet Radii Leveraging Gaia DR2 Reveal the Stellar Mass Dependence of the Planet Radius Gap
• BANYAN. XI. The BANYAN $\Sigma$ multivariate Bayesian algorithm to identify members of young associations within 150 pc
• Chromospheric Activity and Jitter Measurements for 2630 Stars on the California Planet Search
• WHFast: A fast and unbiased implementation of a symplectic Wisdom-Holman integrator for long term gravitational simulations
• The Minimum-Mass Extrasolar Nebula: In-Situ Formation of Close-In Super-Earths
• Mass-Radius Relation for Rocky Planets based on PREM
• Secular Chaos and the Production of Hot Jupiters
• Observations of Protoplanetary Disk Structures
• The California Planet Survey I. Four New Giant Exoplanets
• The TESS Objects of Interest Catalog from the TESS Prime Mission
• Kepler-36: A Pair of Planets with Neighboring Orbits and Dissimilar Densities
• Breaking the Chains: Hot Super-Earth systems from migration and disruption of compact resonant chains
• Migration and the formation of systems of hot super-Earths and Neptunes
• HAT-P-16b: A 4 Mj Planet Transiting A Bright Star On An Eccentric Orbit
• Helium in the eroding atmosphere of an exoplanet
• A seven-planet resonant chain in TRAPPIST-1
• Extracting Planet Mass and Eccentricity From TTV data
• The California-Kepler Survey V. Peas in a Pod: Planets in a Kepler Multi-planet System are Similar in Size and Regularly Spaced
• The California-Kepler Survey. I. High Resolution Spectroscopy of 1305 Stars Hosting Kepler Transiting Planets
• Understanding The Effects Of Stellar Multiplicity On The Derived Planet Radii From Transit Surveys: Implications for Kepler, K2, and TESS
• Breeding Super-Earths and Birthing Super-Puffs in Transitional Disks
• The Lick-Carnegie Exoplanet Survey: A Uranus-mass Fourth Planet for GJ 876 in an Extrasolar Laplace Configuration
• Evidence of Possible Spin-Orbit Misalignment Along the Line of Sight in Transiting Exoplanet Systems
• Asteroseismology and Gaia: Testing Scaling Relations Using 2200 Kepler Stars with TGAS Parallaxes
• Stellar and substellar companions from Gaia EDR3 -- Proper motion anomaly and resolved common proper motion pairs
• Transit Timing Observations from Kepler: IV. Confirmation of 4 Multiple Planet Systems by Simple Physical Models
• Determining stellar macroturbulence using asteroseismic rotational velocities from Kepler
• Densities and Eccentricities of 139 Kepler Planets from Transit Time Variations
• Three-dimensional simulations of multiple protoplanets embedded in a protostellar disc
• To Cool is to Accrete: Analytic Scalings for Nebular Accretion of Planetary Atmospheres
• SOAR TESS Survey. I: Sculpting of TESS planetary systems by stellar companions
• REBOUNDx: A Library for Adding Conservative and Dissipative Forces to Otherwise Symplectic N-body Integrations
• Accurate fundamental parameters for 23 bright solar-type stars
• Evolutionary Analysis of Gaseous Sub-Neptune-Mass Planets with MESA
• Dissipative Divergence of Resonant Orbits
• A resonant chain of four transiting, sub-Neptune planets
• Kepler Planet Masses and Eccentricities from TTV Analysis
• 197 Candidates and 104 Validated Planets in K2's First Five Fields
• Overstable Librations can account for the Paucity of Mean Motion Resonances among Exoplanet Pairs
• Resonant Repulsion of Kepler Planet Pairs
• A Guide to Realistic Uncertainties on Fundamental Properties of Solar-Type Exoplanet Host Stars
• Six transiting planets and a chain of Laplace resonances in TOI-178
• Planetary Migration and Extrasolar Planets in the 2/1 Mean-Motion Resonance
• N-body simulations of planetary accretion around M dwarf stars
• Improved Modeling of the Rossiter-McLaughlin Effect for Transiting Exoplanets
• A Rocky Composition for an Earth-sized Exoplanet
• Kepler Multi-Planet Systems Exhibit Unexpected Intra-system Uniformity in Mass and Radius
• The Impact of Dust Evolution and Photoevaporation on Disk Dispersal
• TTVFast: An efficient and accurate code for transit timing inversion problems
• Four newborn planets transiting the young solar analog V1298 Tau
• The Age and Age Spread of the Praesepe and Hyades Clusters: a Consistent, ~800 Myr Picture from Rotating Stellar Models
• Secure TTV Mass Measurements: Ten Kepler Exoplanets between 3 and 8 Earth Masses with Diverse Densities and Incident Fluxes
• A Temporary Epoch of Stalled Spin-Down for Low-Mass Stars: Insights from NGC 6811 with Gaia and Kepler
• On the Inference of a Star's Inclination Angle from its Rotation Velocity and Projected Rotation Velocity
• Poking the Beehive From Space: K2 Rotation Periods For Praesepe
• A Dynamical Analysis of the Kepler-80 System of Five Transiting Planets
• Planet-Planet Eclipse and the Rossiter-McLaughlin Effect of a Multiple Transiting System: Joint Analysis of the Subaru Spectroscopy and the Kepler Photometry
• The period ratio distribution of Kepler's candidate multiplanet systems
• Analytical Treatment of Planetary Resonances
• Measurement of planet masses with transit timing variations due to synodic "chopping" effects
• Planetesimal Interactions Can Explain the Mysterious Period Ratios of Small Near-Resonant Planets
• Stealing the Gas: Giant Impacts and the Large Diversity in Exoplanet Densities
• Obliquity-Driven Sculpting of Exoplanetary Systems
• Convergent Migration Renders TRAPPIST-1 Long-lived
• A Preponderance of Perpendicular Planets
• Modeling the resonant planetary system GJ876
• On the evolution of mean motion resonances through stochastic forcing: Fast and slow libration modes and the origin of HD128311
• Ultra-short-period planets from secular chaos
• Effects of Type I Migration on Terrestrial Planet Formation
• Deflating Super-Puffs: Impact of Photochemical Hazes on the Observed Mass-Radius Relationship of Low Mass Planets
• Tidally-Induced Radius Inflation of Sub-Neptunes
• An Observational Perspective of Transitional Disks
• The Importance of Disk Structure in Stalling Type I Migration
• The Planetary Mass-Radius Relation and its Dependence on Orbital Period as Measured by Transit Timing Variations and Radial Velocities
• Testing exoplanet evaporation with multi-transiting systems
• Tidal dissipation and the formation of Kepler near-resonant planets
• Spin-orbit Misalignment as a Driver of the Kepler Dichotomy
• The K2-138 System: A Near-Resonant Chain of Five Sub-Neptune Planets Discovered by Citizen Scientists
• Are the Kepler Near-Resonance Planet Pairs due to Tidal Dissipation?
• Larger mutual inclinations for the shortest-period planets
• The Laplace resonance in the Kepler-60 system
• Diffuser-Assisted Infrared Transit Photometry for Four Dynamically Interacting \textit{Kepler} Systems
• Dusty outflows in planetary atmospheres: Understanding "super-puffs" and transmission spectra of sub-Neptunes
• TESS Hunt for Young and Maturing Exoplanets (THYME) V: A Sub-Neptune Transiting a Young Star in a Newly Discovered 250 Myr Association
• Architectures of Compact Super-Earth Systems Shaped by Instabilities
• Generation of highly inclined protoplanetary discs through single stellar flybys
• On the dynamics of multiple systems of hot super-Earths and Neptunes: Tidal circularization, resonance and the HD 40307 system
• Sensitivity bias in the mass-radius distribution from Transit Timing Variations and Radial Velocity measurements
• The California-Kepler Survey. VI: Kepler Multis and Singles Have Similar Planet and Stellar Properties Indicating a Common Origin
• Analytical model of multi-planetary resonant chains and constraints on migration scenarios
• New Constraints on Gliese 876 -- Exemplar of Mean-Motion Resonance
• Dynamics and Transit Variations of Resonant Exoplanets
• Evidence for Spin-orbit Alignment in the TRAPPIST-1 System
• Rotation and Lithium Confirmation of a 500 Parsec Halo for the Open Cluster NGC 2516
• Planetary migration and the origin of the 2:1 and 3:2 (near)-resonant population of close-in exoplanets
• Metastable Helium Absorptions with 3D Hydrodynamics and Self-Consistent Photochemistry II: WASP-107b, Stellar Wind, Radiation Pressure, and Shear Instability
• TKS X: Confirmation of TOI-1444b and a Comparative Analysis of the Ultra-short-period Planets with Hot Neptunes
• An upper limit on late accretion and water delivery in the Trappist-1 exoplanet system
• Tides Alone Cannot Explain Kepler Planets Close to 2:1 MMR
• Limits on orbit crossing planetesimals in the resonant multiple planet system, KOI-730
• An Integrable Model for the Dynamics of Planetary Mean Motion Resonances
• AstraLux - the Calar Alto 2.2-m telescope Lucky Imaging camera
• The TESS-Keck Survey: Science Goals and Target Selection
• The dynamics of the TRAPPIST-1 system in the context of its formation
• Evaporation of Low-Mass Planet Atmospheres: Multidimensional Hydrodynamics with Consistent Thermochemistry
• Capture into first-order resonances and long-term stability of pairs of equal-mass planets
• Identifying Young $Kepler$ Planet Host Stars from Keck-HIRES Spectra of Lithium
• Mass, Density, and Formation Constraints in the Compact, Sub-Earth Kepler-444 System including Two Mars-Mass Planets
• A color-period diagram for the open cluster M 48 (NGC 2548), and its rotational age
• A Criterion for the Stability of Planets in Chains of Resonances
• A population of planetary systems characterized by short-period, Earth-sized planets
• The role of dissipative evolution for three-planet, near-resonant extrasolar systems
• First-order mean motion resonances in two-planet systems: general analysis and observed systems
• Migration of Planets Into and Out of Mean Motion Resonances in Protoplanetary Disks: Analytical Theory of Second-Order Resonances
• Resonant Chains of Exoplanets: Libration Centers for Three-body Angles
• CKS IX: Revisiting the Minimum-Mass Extrasolar Nebula with Precise Stellar Parameters
• Resonance in the K2-19 system is at odds with its high reported eccentricities
• A Tidal Origin for a 3-body Resonance in Kepler-221
• A differentiable N-body code for transit timing and dynamical modeling. I. Algorithm and derivatives
• The Kepler-223 resonance holds information on turbulence during the gas disk phase
• The origin and 9:7 MMR dynamics of the Kepler-29 system
• Planetary Migration in Protoplanetary Disks
• The role of disc torques in forming resonant planetary systems
• Long-term tidal evolution of the TRAPPIST-1 system
• Stability Constrained Characterization of the 23 Myr-old V1298 Tau System: Do Young Planets Form in Mean Motion Resonance Chains?
• Period Ratio Sculpting Near Second-Order Mean-Motion Resonances
• Inferred Properties of Planets in Mean-Motion Resonances are Biased by Measurement Noise

Cited by in corpus (26)

• A resonant sextuplet of sub-Neptunes transiting the bright star HD 110067
• The TESS-Keck Survey XX: 15 New TESS Planets and a Uniform RV Analysis of all Survey Targets
• The MOPYS project: A survey of 70 planets in search of extended He I and H atmospheres. No evidence of enhanced evaporation in young planets
• When, where, and how many planets end up in first-order resonances?
• Dynamics and Origins of the Near-Resonant Kepler Planets
• The TESS-Keck Survey. XV. Precise Properties of 108 TESS Planets and Their Host Stars
• The six-planet resonant chain of HD 110067
• Evidence for Primordial Alignment: Insights from Stellar Obliquity Measurements for Compact Sub-Saturn Systems
• Exciting the TTV Phases of Resonant Sub-Neptunes
• Dynamical Evolution of Closely Packed Multiple Planetary Systems Subject to Atmospheric Mass-Loss
• NEID Reveals that The Young Warm Neptune TOI-2076 b Has a Low Obliquity
• TOI-1801 b: A temperate mini-Neptune around a young M0.5 dwarf
• Dissipative Capture of Planets Into First-Order Mean-Motion Resonances
• Refining the properties of the TOI-178 system with CHEOPS and TESS
• Enhanced Size Uniformity for Near-resonant Planets
• Photo-dynamical characterisation of the TOI-178 resonant chain
• Kepler-80 Revisited: Assessing the Participation of a Newly Discovered Planet in the Resonant Chain
• Dynamical evolution of the Uranian satellite system I. From the 5/3 Ariel-Umbriel mean motion resonance to the present
• True spin-orbit obliquities distribution: data-driven confirmation of no clustering of misaligned planets
• Tidally Heated Sub-Neptunes, Refined Planetary Compositions, and Confirmation of a Third Planet in the TOI-1266 System
• Close-in compact super-Earth systems emerging from resonant chains: slow destabilization by unseen remnants of formation
• The Dynamical History of the Kepler-221 Planet System
• Higher-Order Mean-Motion Resonances Can Form in Type-I Disk Migration
• An Adolescent and Near-Resonant Planetary System Near the End of Photoevaporation
• How to measure tidal dissipation in long resonant chains
• Influence of Modeling Assumptions on the Inferred Dynamical State of Resonant Systems: A Case Study of the HD 45364 System