Architecture Classification for Extrasolar Planetary Systems

Abstract

This paper presents a classification framework for the architectures of planetary systems based on a complete survey of the confirmed exoplanet population. With nearly 6000 confirmed exoplanets discovered, including more than 300 multiplanet systems with three or more planets, the current observational sample has reached the point where it is both feasible and useful to build a classification system that divides the observed population into meaningful categories. This framework provides a criterion to split planetary systems into inner and outer regimes, and then further divides inner systems into dynamical classes. The resulting categories include "peas-in-a-pod systems" with uniformly small planets and "warm Jupiter systems" with a mix of large and small planets, as well as "closely-spaced systems" and "gapped systems," with further subdivisions based on the locations of gaps and other features. These categories can classify nearly all of the confirmed systems with three or more planets with minimal ambiguity. We qualitatively examine the relative prevalence of each type of system, subject to observational selection effects, as well as other notable features such as the presence of hot Jupiters. A small number of outlier systems are also discussed. Potential additional classes of systems yet to be discovered are proposed.

35 pages, 17 figures, 5 tables

References in corpus (93)

• Direct Imaging of Multiple Planets Orbiting the Star HR 8799
• The California-Kepler Survey. III. A Gap in the Radius Distribution of Small Planets
• A Closely-Packed System of Low-Mass, Low-Density Planets Transiting Kepler-11
• Probabilistic Forecasting of the Masses and Radii of Other Worlds
• Validation of Kepler's Multiple Planet Candidates. III: Light Curve Analysis & Announcement of Hundreds of New Multi-planet Systems
• Are There Unstable Planetary Systems Around White Dwarfs?
• False positive probabilties for all Kepler Objects of Interest: 1284 newly validated planets and 428 likely false positives
• The first WASP public data release
• The California-Kepler Survey V. Peas in a Pod: Planets in a Kepler Multi-planet System are Similar in Size and Regularly Spaced
• The California-Kepler Survey. I. High Resolution Spectroscopy of 1305 Stars Hosting Kepler Transiting Planets
• WASP-47: A Hot Jupiter System with Two Additional Planets Discovered by K2
• Rotational velocities of A-type stars IV. Evolution of rotational velocities
• In Situ Formation and Dynamical Evolution of Hot Jupiter Systems
• About 30% of Sun-like Stars Have Kepler-like Planetary Systems: A Study of their Intrinsic Architecture
• A Study of the Shortest-Period Planets Found With Kepler
• Densities and Eccentricities of 139 Kepler Planets from Transit Time Variations
• Possible Disintegrating Short-Period Super-Mercury Orbiting KIC 12557548
• Characterizing the Cool KOIs III. KOI-961: A Small Star with Large Proper Motion and Three Small Planets
• On the Anomalous Radii of the Transiting Extrasolar Planets
• Bayesian Analysis of Hot Jupiter Radius Anomalies: Evidence for Ohmic Dissipation?
• Very Low-Density Planets around Kepler-51 Revealed with Transit Timing Variations and an Anomaly Similar to a Planet-Planet Eclipse Event
• An Excess of Jupiter Analogs in Super-Earth Systems
• The Super Earth-Cold Jupiter Relations
• Retired A Stars and Their Companions: Eighteen New Jovian Planets
• The K2-ESPRINT Project. I. Discovery of the Disintegrating Rocky Planet K2-22b with a Cometary Head and Leading Tail
• Four newborn planets transiting the young solar analog V1298 Tau
• Terrestrial Planet Formation Around Individual Stars Within Binary Star Systems
• Cool Jupiters greatly outnumber their toasty siblings: Occurrence rates from the Anglo-Australian Planet Search
• A global analysis of Spitzer and new HARPS data confirms the loneliness and metal-richness of GJ 436 b
• An ultra-short period rocky super-Earth with a secondary eclipse and a Neptune-like companion around K2-141
• The 55 Cnc system reassessed
• Architectures of Exoplanetary Systems. I: A Clustered Forward Model for Exoplanetary Systems around Kepler's FGK Stars
• The Planetary System to KIC 11442793: A Compact Analogue to the Solar System
• Kepler-78 and the Ultra-Short-Period Planets
• Cold Jupiters and improved masses in 38 Kepler and K2 small planet systems from 3661 HARPS-N radial velocities. No excess of cold Jupiters in small planet systems
• The Featureless Transmission Spectra of Two Super-Puff Planets
• An Earth-sized exoplanet with a Mercury-like composition
• On the Occurrence Rate of Hot Jupiters in Different Stellar Environments
• 3-D selection of 167 sub-stellar companions to nearby stars
• Color difference makes a difference: four planet candidates around tau Ceti
• Bayesian analysis of radial velocity data of GJ667C with correlated noise: evidence for only 2 planets
• Discovery of a Third Transiting Planet in the Kepler-47 Circumbinary System
• Evidence for 9 planets in the HD 10180 system
• Exoplanet Classification and Yield Estimates for Direct Imaging Missions
• Ultra-short-period planets from secular chaos
• Deflating Super-Puffs: Impact of Photochemical Hazes on the Observed Mass-Radius Relationship of Low Mass Planets
• Dynamical Stability of Earth-Like Planetary Orbits in Binary Systems
• Low-Eccentricity Migration of Ultra-Short Period Planets in Multi-Planet Systems
• The Boundary between Gas-rich and Gas-poor Planets
• The Transiting System GJ1214: High-Precision Defocused Transit Observations and a Search for Evidence of Transit Timing Variation
• TESS spots a hot Jupiter with an inner transiting Neptune
• Larger mutual inclinations for the shortest-period planets
• Dusty outflows in planetary atmospheres: Understanding "super-puffs" and transmission spectra of sub-Neptunes
• Formation of Ultra-Short-Period Planets by Obliquity-Driven Tidal Runaway
• The Compositional Diversity of Low-Mass Exoplanets
• An information theoretic framework for classifying exoplanetary system architectures
• TraMoS V. Updated ephemeris and multi-epoch monitoring of the hot Jupiters WASP-18Ab, WASP-19b, and WASP-77Ab
• Kepler-730: A hot Jupiter system with a close-in, transiting, Earth-sized planet
• Exploring Whether Super-Puffs Can Be Explained as Ringed Exoplanets
• Planetary Systems Around White Dwarfs
• Can planetary rings explain the extremely low density of HIP 41378f?
• A framework for the architecture of exoplanetary systems. I. Four classes of planetary system architecture
• TKS X: Confirmation of TOI-1444b and a Comparative Analysis of the Ultra-short-period Planets with Hot Neptunes
• Energy Optimization in Extrasolar Planetary Systems: The Transition from Peas-in-a-Pod to Runaway Growth
• UKIRT microlensing surveys as a pathfinder for $WFIRST$: The detection of five highly extinguished low-$|b|$ events
• The TESS Grand Unified Hot Jupiter Survey. II. Twenty New Giant Planets
• The SOPHIE search for northern extrasolar planets. X. Detection and characterization of giant planets by the dozen
• The Discovery of a Planetary Companion Interior to Hot Jupiter WASP-132 b
• High Precision Dynamical Masses of Pre-Main Sequence Stars with ALMA and Gaia
• Mass, Density, and Formation Constraints in the Compact, Sub-Earth Kepler-444 System including Two Mars-Mass Planets
• Three Short Period Jupiters from TESS
• Discovery and characterization of the exoplanets WASP-148b and c. A transiting system with two interacting giant planets
• Inner Planetary System Gap Complexity is a Predictor of Outer Giant Planets
• TESS spots a mini-neptune interior to a hot saturn in the TOI-2000 system
• Edge-of-the-Multis: Evidence for a Transition in the Outer Architectures of Compact Multi-Planet Systems
• Hidden Worlds: Dynamical Architecture Predictions of Undetected Planets in Multi-planet Systems and Applications to TESS Systems
• Pairwise Tidal Equilibrium States and the Architecture of Extrasolar Planetary Systems
• A framework for the architecture of exoplanetary systems. II. Nature versus nurture: Emergent formation pathways of architecture classes
• CKS IX: Revisiting the Minimum-Mass Extrasolar Nebula with Precise Stellar Parameters
• A hot super-Earth planet in the WASP-84 planetary system
• TOI-1408: Discovery and Photodynamical Modeling of a Small Inner Companion to a Hot Jupiter Revealed by TTVs
• Kepler-90: Giant transit-timing variations reveal a super-puff
• An Earth-Mass Planet and a Brown Dwarf in Orbit Around a White Dwarf
• On the Inclination and Habitability of the HD 10180 System
• HATS-11b and HATS-12b: Two transiting Hot Jupiters orbiting sub-solar metallicity stars selected for the K2 Campaign 7
• Multiplicity Boost Of Transit Signal Classifiers: Validation of 69 New Exoplanets Using The Multiplicity Boost of ExoMiner
• On the origin of dynamically isolated hot Earths
• Forming Different Planetary Architectures . I . Formation Efficiency of Hot Jupites from High-eccentricity Mechanisms
• Capture and migration of Jupiter and Saturn in mean motion resonance in a gaseous protoplanetary disc
• Migrating Planets into Ultra-Short-Period Orbits during Episodic Accretion Events
• Photodynamical analysis of the nearly resonant planetary system WASP-148: Accurate transit-timing variations and mutual orbital inclination
• Confirmation of the Long-Period Planet Orbiting Gliese 411 and the Detection of a New Planet Candidate
• Analysis of putative exoplanetary signatures found in light curves of two sdBV stars observed by Kepler

Cited by in corpus (4)

• Transit Timing Variations in HIP 41378: CHEOPS and TESS confirm a non-transiting sixth planet in the system
• On the Ordering of Exoplanet Systems
• Modelling the Milky Way's exoplanet population based on cosmological galaxy simulations
• Discovery of a multi-planetary system orbiting the aged Sun-like star HD 224018