The GAPS program at TNG XLVII: The unusual formation history of V1298 Tau

Abstract

Observational data from space and ground-based campaigns reveal that the 10-30 Ma old V1298 Tau star hosts a compact and massive system of four planets. Mass estimates for the two outer giant planets point to unexpectedly high densities for their young ages. We investigate the formation of these two outermost giant planets, V1298 Tau b and e, and the present dynamical state of V1298 Tau's global architecture to shed light on the history of this young and peculiar extrasolar system. We perform detailed N-body simulations to explore the link between the densities of V1298 Tau b and e and their migration and accretion of planetesimals within the native circumstellar disk. We combine N-body simulations and the normalized angular momentum deficit (NAMD) analysis to characterize V1298 Tau's dynamical state and connect it to the formation history of the system. We search for outer planetary companions to constrain V1298 Tau's architecture and the extension of its primordial circumstellar disk. The high densities of V1298 Tau b and e suggest they formed quite distant from their host star, likely beyond the CO${}_2$ snowline. The higher nominal density of V1298 Tau e suggests it formed farther out than V1298 Tau b. The current architecture of V1298 Tau is not characterized by resonant chains. Planet-planet scattering with an outer giant planet is the most likely cause for the instability, but our search for outer companions using SPHERE and GAIA observations excludes only the presence of planets more massive than 2 M${}_{\text{J}}$. The most plausible scenario for V1298 Tau's formation is that the system is formed by convergent migration and resonant trapping of planets born in a compact and plausibly massive disk. The migration of V1298 Tau b and e leaves in its wake a dynamically excited protoplanetary disk and creates the conditions for the resonant chain breaking by planet-planet scattering.

19 pages, 11 figures, 5 tables. Accepted for publication on Astronomy and Astrophysics

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• The GAPS programme at TNG LXIV: An inner eccentric sub-Neptune and an outer sub-Neptune-mass candidate around BD+00 444 (TOI-2443)
• HD 163296 and its Giant Planets: Creation of Exo-comets, Interstellar Objects and Transport of Volatile Material
• Ariel stellar characterisation III. Fast rotators and new FGK stars in the Ariel Mission Candidate Sample
• The GAPS Programme at TNG. LIX. A characterisation study of the $\sim$300 Myr old multi-planetary system orbiting the star BD+40 2790 (TOI-2076)
• A joint effort to discover and characterize two resonant mini Neptunes around TOI-1803 with TESS, HARPS-N and CHEOPS
• Exo-MerCat v2.0.0: updates and open-source release of the Exoplanet Merged Catalog software
• The GAPS programme at TNG LXXI. A sub-Neptune suitable for atmospheric characterization in a multiplanet and mutually inclined system orbiting the bright K dwarf TOI-5789 (HIP 99452)
• Mercury-Ar$\chi$es: a high-performance n-body code for planet formation studies
• First detection of variable radio emission originating from the infant planetary system V1298 Tau