Detection and Characterization of Exoplanets and Disks using Projections on Karhunen-Loeve Eigenimages

Abstract

We describe a new method to achieve point spread function (PSF) subtractions for high- contrast imaging using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) that is applicable to both point sources or extended objects (disks). Assuming a library of reference PSFs, a Karhunen-Lo`eve transform of theses references is used to create an orthogonal basis of eigenimages, on which the science target is projected. For detection this approach provides comparable suppression to the Locally Optimized Combination of Images (LOCI) algorithm, albeit with increased robustness to the algorithm parameters and speed enhancement. For characterization of detected sources the method enables forward modeling of astrophysical sources. This alleviates the biases in the astrometry and photometry of discovered faint sources, which are usually associated with LOCI- based PSF subtractions schemes. We illustrate the algorithm performance using archival Hubble Space Telescope (HST) images, but the approach may also be considered for ground-based data acquired with Angular Differential Imaging (ADI) or integral-field spectrographs (IFS).

12 pages, 4 figures

References in corpus (4)

• Direct Imaging of Multiple Planets Orbiting the Star HR 8799
• Optical Images of an Exosolar Planet 25 Light Years from Earth
• Alien Maps of an Ocean-Bearing World
• The AU Microscopii Debris Disk: Multiwavelength Imaging and Modeling

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• The Mid-Infrared Instrument for the James Webb Space Telescope, X. Operations and Data Reduction
• Discovery of a White Dwarf Companion to HD 159062
• Combining angular differential imaging and accurate polarimetry with SPHERE/IRDIS to characterize young giant exoplanets
• Kernel Phase and Coronagraphy with Automatic Differentiation
• Discovery of an Edge-on Circumstellar Debris Disk Around BD+45${}^{\circ }$598: a Newly Identifed Member of the $\beta$ Pictoris Moving Group
• Data Reduction and Image Reconstruction Techniques for Non-Redundant Masking
• Assessing Spectroscopic-Binary Multiplicity Properties Using Robo-AO Imaging
• Searching for the near infrared counterpart of Proxima c using multi-epoch high contrast SPHERE data at VLT
• A faint companion around CrA-9: protoplanet or obscured binary?
• In-depth direct imaging and spectroscopic characterization of the young Solar System analog HD 95086
• Stochastic Speckle Discrimination with Time-Tagged Photon Lists: Digging Below the Speckle Noise Floor
• Revealing asymmetrical dust distribution in the inner regions of HD 141569
• Predictions of planet detections with near infrared radial velocities in the up-coming SPIRou Legacy Survey-Planet Search
• Detection of Near-Infrared Water Ice at the Surface of the (pre)Transitional Disk of AB Aur: Informing Icy Grain Abundance, Composition, and Size
• Differential aperture photometry and digital coronagraphy with PRAIA
• First Images of the Protoplanetary Disk Around PDS 201
• The Giant Accreting Protoplanet Survey (GAPlanetS): Optimization Techniques for Robust Detections of Protoplanets
• The beta Pictoris system: Setting constraints on the planet and the disk structures at mid-IR wavelengths with NEAR
• High-contrast observations of brown dwarf companion HR 2562 B with the vector Apodizing Phase Plate coronagraph
• Half-sibling regression meets exoplanet imaging: PSF modeling and subtraction using a flexible, domain knowledge-driven, causal framework
• The HOSTS survey: evidence for an extended dust disk and constraints on the presence of giant planets in the Habitable Zone of $\beta$ Leo
• Project 1640 Observations of Brown Dwarf GJ 758 B: Near-Infrared Spectrum and Atmospheric Modeling
• A symmetric inner cavity in the HD 141569A transitional disk
• Dynamical detection of a companion driving a spiral arm in a protoplanetary disk
• Space-Based Coronagraphic Imaging Polarimetry of the TW Hydrae Disk: Shedding New Light on Self-Shadowing Effects
• Stellar Double Coronagraph: a multistage coronagraphic platform at Palomar observatory
• The multiplicity of massive stars in the Scorpius OB1 association through high-contrast imaging
• Improved Contrast in Images of Exoplanets using Direct SNR Optimization
• New Spatially Resolved Imaging of the SR 21 Transition Disk and Constraints on the Small-Grain Disk Geometry
• A new white dwarf companion to the $\Delta \mu$ star GJ 3346
• Post-processing of the HST STIS coronagraphic observations
• The SHARDDS survey: limits on planet occurrence rates based on point sources analysis via the Auto-RSM framework
• High-resolution survey for planetary companions to young stars in the Taurus Molecular Cloud
• First resolved observations of a highly asymmetric debris disc around HD 160305 with VLT/SPHERE
• Sensitivity of the Roman Coronagraph Instrument to Exozodiacal Dust
• Impacts of high-contrast image processing on atmospheric retrievals
• The Scorpion Planet Survey: Wide-Orbit Giant Planets Around Young A-type Stars
• Inverse-problem versus principal component analysis methods for angular differential imaging of circumstellar disks. The mustard algorithm
• Constraining masses and separations of unseen companions to five accelerating nearby stars
• The post-main-sequence fate of the HR 8799 planetary system
• Improving Planet Detection with Disk Modeling: Keck/NIRC2 Imaging of the HD 34282 Single-armed Protoplanetary Disk
• Disk Evolution Study Through Imaging of Nearby Young Stars (DESTINYS): HD 34700 A unveils an inner ring
• SCExAO and Keck Direct Imaging Discovery of a Low-Mass Companion Around the Accelerating F5 Star HIP 5319
• Direct Imaging Discovery of a Young Brown Dwarf Companion to an A2V Star
• The ALMA survey to Resolve exoKuiper belt Substructures (ARKS): VI. Asymmetries and offsets
• On-Sky Operations with the ALES Integral Field Spectrograph
• VIBES: VIsual Binary Exoplanet survey with SPHERE Upper limits on wide S-planet and S-BD frequencies, triple system discovery, and astrometric confirmation of 20 stellar binaries and three triple systems
• Multiband imaging of the HD 36546 debris disk: a refined view from SCExAO/CHARIS
• Spectral unmixing for exoplanet direct detection in hyperspectral data
• The White Dwarf Binary Pathways Survey III: contamination from hierarchical triples containing a white dwarf
• Hiding Dust Around $\epsilon$ Eridani
• Differentiating Formation Models with New Dynamical Masses for the PDS 70 Protoplanets
• From Dust to Nanodust: Resolving Circumstellar Dust from the Colliding-Wind Binary Wolf-Rayet (WR) 140
• Spectral and angular differential imaging with SPHERE/IFS. Assessing the performance of various PCA-based approaches to PSF subtraction
• Use the 4S (Signal-Safe Speckle Subtraction): Explainable Machine Learning reveals the Giant Exoplanet AF Lep b in High-Contrast Imaging Data from 2011
• Direct imaging of exoplanets in the habitable zone with adaptive optics
• Imaging the 44 AU Kuiper Belt-analogue debris ring around HD 141569A with GPI polarimetry
• The ALMA survey to Resolve exoKuiper belt Substructures (ARKS) V: Comparison between scattered light and thermal emission
• Resolving the delta Andromedae spectroscopic binary with direct imaging
• SFADI: the Speckle-Free Angular Differential Imaging method
• Combining reference-star and angular differential imaging for high-contrast imaging of extended sources
• Limits on the presence of planets in systems with debris disks: HD 92945 and HD 107146
• NaCo polarimetric observations of Sz 91 transitional disk: a remarkable case of dust filtering
• Probing the low-mass end of the companion mass function for O-type stars
• The Carina High-contrast Imaging Project for massive Stars (CHIPS): II. O stars in Trumpler~14
• Worlds Next Door: A Candidate Giant Planet Imaged in the Habitable Zone of $\alpha$ Cen A. I. Observations, Orbital and Physical Properties, and Exozodi Upper Limits
• An inner warp discovered in the disk around HD 110058 using VLT/SPHERE and HST/STIS
• Pushing the Limits of Exoplanet Discovery via Direct Imaging with Deep Learning
• Karhunen-Loève Data Imputation in High Contrast Imaging
• An extended scattered light disk around AT Pyx -- Possible planet formation in a cometary globule
• Reference-less algorithm for circumstellar disks imaging
• HST survey of the Orion Nebula Cluster in the H${}_2$O 1.4 $\mu$m absorption band: III. The population of sub-stellar binary companions
• SCExAO/CHARIS Direct Imaging of A Low-Mass Companion At A Saturn-Like Separation from an Accelerating Young A7 Star
• A deep search for planets in the inner 15 au around Vega
• Keplerian motion of a compact source orbiting the inner disc of PDS 70: a third protoplanet in resonance with b and c?
• Planet detection down to a few $\lambda$/D: an RSDI/TLOCI approach to PSF subtraction
• Direct Measurement of Extinction in a Planet-Hosting Gap
• Narrow belt of debris around the Sco-Cen star HD 141011
• Characterization of debris disks observed with SPHERE
• Worlds Next Door: A Candidate Giant Planet Imaged in the Habitable Zone of $\alpha$ Cen A. II. Binary Star Modeling, Planet and Exozodi Search, and Sensitivity Analysis
• MIRACLES: atmospheric characterization of directly imaged planets and substellar companions at 4-5 $\mu$m. II. Constraints on the mass and radius of the enshrouded planet PDS 70 b
• Giant planets population around B stars from the first part of the BEAST survey
• Archival Legacy Investigations of Circumstellar Environments (ALICE): Statistical assessment of point source detections
• ISPY - the NaCo Imaging Survey for Planets around Young stars: A young companion candidate embedded in the R CrA cloud
• Angular differential kernel phases
• A Simple Depth of Search Metric for Exoplanet Imaging Surveys
• BEAST detection of a brown dwarf and a low-mass stellar companion around the young bright B star HIP 81208
• A Chromaticity Analysis and PSF Subtraction Techniques for SCExAO/CHARIS data
• Adaptive optics in high-contrast imaging
• PeX 1. Multi-spectral expansion of residual speckles for planet detection
• The SPHERE infrared survey for exoplanets (SHINE). V. Complete observations, data reduction and analysis, detection performances, and final results
• A Large Double-ring Disk around the Taurus M Dwarf J04124068+2438157
• Probing Photon Statistics in Adaptive Optics Images with SCExAO/MEC
• Exoplanet Atmosphere Measurements from Direct Imaging
• Recurrence quantification analysis as a post-processing technique in adaptive optics high-contrast imaging
• Space telescope design to directly image the habitable zone of Alpha Centauri
• A Novel Survey for Young Substellar Objects with the W-band filter III: Searching for very low mass brown dwarfs in Serpens South and Serpens Core
• The Roman coronagraph community participation program: observation planning
• Improved companion mass limits for Sirius A with thermal infrared coronagraphy using a vector-apodizing phase plate and time-domain starlight-subtraction techniques
• Applying a temporal systematics model to vector Apodizing Phase Plate coronagraphic data: TRAP4vAPP
• Mining the GPIES database
• Post-processing CHARIS integral field spectrograph data with PyKLIP
• Early High-contrast Imaging Results with Keck/NIRC2-PWFS: The SR 21 Disk
• The apparent absence of forward scattering in the HD 53143 debris disk
• Simultaneous ultra-high contrast imaging and determination of time-dependent, non-common path aberrations in the presence of detector noise
• Monitoring inner regions in the RY Tau jet
• Characterization of deformable mirrors for the MagAO-X project
• LBT search for companions and sub-structures in the (pre)transitional disk of AB Aurigae
• Auto-RSM: an automated parameter-selection algorithm for the RSM map exoplanet detection algorithm
• NA-SODINN: a deep learning algorithm for exoplanet image detection based on residual noise regimes
• Speckle Space-Time Covariance in High-Contrast Imaging
• Searching for Planets Orbiting Vega with the James Webb Space Telescope
• Orbital Modeling of HII 1348B: An Eccentric Young Substellar Companion in the Pleiades
• High-contrast spectroscopy with the new VLT/ERIS instrument: Molecular maps and radial velocity of the gas giant AF Lep b
• Investigating the nature of the extended structure around the Herbig star RCrA using integral field and high-resolution spectroscopy
• Tiny Grains Shining Bright in the Gaps of Herbig Ae Transitional Discs
• Physically constrained causal noise models for high-contrast imaging of exoplanets
• MagAO Imaging of Long-period Objects (MILO). II. A Puzzling White Dwarf around the Sun-like Star HD 11112
• PACOME: Optimal multi-epoch combination of direct imaging observations for joint exoplanet detection and orbit estimation
• Deepest limits on scattered light emission from the Epsilon Eridani inner debris disk with HST/STIS
• Planetary system architectures with low-mass inner planets: Direct imaging exploration of mature systems beyond 1 au
• A multi-technique detection of an eccentric giant planet around accelerating star HD 57625
• Companion Mass Limits for 17 Binary Systems Obtained with Binary Differential Imaging and MagAO/Clio
• An HST/STIS View of Protoplanetary Disks in Upper Scorpius: Observations of Three Young M-Stars
• K2 Targets Observed with SPHERE/VLT: An M4-7 Dwarf Companion Resolved around EPIC 206011496
• Direct Imaging Explorations for Companions around Mid-Late M Stars from the Subaru/IRD Strategic Program
• Reduced Order Estimation of the Speckle Electric Field History for Space-Based Coronagraphs
• VLT/SPHERE survey for exoplanets around young, early-type stars including systems with multi-belt architectures
• ISPY -- NaCo Imaging Survey for Planets around Young stars. CenteR: the impact of centering and frame selection
• Fast-Cadence High-Contrast Imaging with Information Field Theory
• SAFARI I: A SPHERE discovery of a super metal-rich M dwarf companion to the star HD 86006
• Multi-band reflectance and shadowing of RX J1604.3-2130 protoplanetary disk in scattered light
• Model of the Search For Extraterrestrial Intelligence with Coronagraphic Imaging
• Astrometric and photometric characterization of $\eta$ Tel B combining two decades of observations
• Dynamical Architectures of S-type Transiting Planets in Binaries II: A Dichotomy in Orbital Alignment of Small Planets in Close Binary Systems
• An Imaging Search for Post-Main-Sequence Planets of Sirius B
• High resolution deep imaging of a bright radio quiet QSO at z~3
• A second planetesimal collision in the Fomalhaut system
• Redundant apodization for direct imaging of exoplanets 2: Application to island effects
• First Principle Simulator of a Stochastically Varying Image Plane for Photon-Counting High Contrast Applications
• A Possible Converter to Denoise the Images of Exoplanet Candidates through Machine Learning Techniques
• Planet Search with the Keck/NIRC2 Vortex Coronagraph in Ms-band for Vega
• The first scattered light images of HD 112810, a faint debris disk in the Sco-Cen association
• Searching for the HR 8799 Debris Disk with HST/STIS
• OASIS Survey Direct Imaging and Astrometric Discovery of HIP 71618 B: A Substellar Companion Suitable for the Roman Coronagraph Technology Demonstration
• Three new late-type stellar companions to very dusty WISE debris disks identified with VLT/SPHERE imaging
• NMF-based GPU accelerated coronagraphy pipeline
• YSES 2b is a background star: Differential astrometric M-dwarf measurements in time
• From Exoplanets to Quasars: Detection of Potential Damped Lyman Alpha Absorbing Galaxies Using Angular Differential Imaging
• HD 165054: an astrometric calibration field for high-contrast imagers in Baade's Window
• The Disks In Scorpius-Centaurus Survey (DISCS) I: Four Newly-Resolved Debris Disks in Polarized Intensity Light
• Open Source High-Resolution Exoplanet Atmosphere Retrievals with POSEIDON
• On the Effects of Pointing Jitter, Actuators Drift, Telescope Rolls and Broadband Detectors in Dark Hole Maintenance and Electric Field Order Reduction
• A Multiband Study of the HR 4796A Disk in the Optical Using MagAO-X
• Characterization of stellar companion from high-contrast long-slit spectroscopy data: The EXtraction Of SPEctrum of COmpanion (EXOSPECO) algorithm
• High-contrast Imaging around a 2 Myr-old CI Tau with a Close-in Gas Giant
• Direct Imaging Discovery of Giant Exoplanet $\beta$ Pictoris d: A Decade-Long Game of Hide-and-Seek
• An Alternating Minimization Algorithm with Trajectory for Direct Exoplanet Detection -- The AMAT Algorithm
• Bernoulli generalized likelihood ratio test for signal detection from photon counting images
• Pushing the Limits of the Coronagraphic Occulters on HST/STIS
• Improving the RSM map exoplanet detection algorithm: PSF forward modelling and optimal selection of PSF subtraction techniques
• Using Non-Negative Matrix Factorization to Improve Calibration of the Keck OSIRIS Integral Field Spectrograph
• The Mysterious Lives Of Speckles. I. Residual atmospheric speckle lifetimes in ground-based coronagraphs
• A Mid-Infrared Search for Substellar Companions of Nearby Planet-Host Stars
• High-Performance Partial Spectrum Computation for Symmetric eigenvalue problems and the SVD
• StraKLIP: A novel pipeline for detection and characterization of close-in faint companions through Karhunen-Loêve Image Processing algorithm
• Hubble Space Telescope Snapshot Survey for Resolved Companions of Galactic Cepheids: Final Results
• MEAD: Data Reduction Pipeline for ALES Integral Field Spectrograph and LBTI Thermal Infrared Calibration Unit
• The GAPS Programme at TNG LXVIII. Characterization of the outer substellar companion around HD 72659 with a multi-technique approach
• Coronagraphic Data Post-processing Using Projections on Instrumental Modes
• JWST/MIRI coronagraphic performances as measured on-sky
• The HOSTS Survey: Suspected variable dust emission and constraints on companions around θ Boo
• A spatially-resolved large cavity of the J0337 protoplanetary disk in Perseus
• On-sky performance and recent results from the Subaru coronagraphic extreme adaptive optics system
• Morphological components analysis for circumstellar disks imaging
• Constraining the mass of the planet(s) sculpting a disk cavity. The intriguing case of 2MASS J16042165-2130284
• Two decades of Exoplanetary Science with Adaptive Optics
• CoronaGraph Instrument Reference stars for Exoplanets (CorGI-REx) I. Preliminary Vetting and Implications for the Roman Coronagraph and Habitable Worlds Observatory
• HIP 67506 C: MagAO-X Confirmation of a New Low-Mass Stellar Companion to HIP 67506 A
• The Carina High-Contrast Imaging Project for massive Stars (CHIPS) I. Methodology and proof of concept on QZ Car ($\equiv$ HD93206)
• WFIRST-AFTA Coronagraphic Operations: Lessons Learned from the Hubble Space Telescope and the James Webb Space Telescope
• High-contrast imaging of tight resolved binaries with two vector vortex coronagraphs in cascade with the Palomar SDC instrument
• A planetary-mass candidate imaged in the Young Suns Exoplanet Survey
• Direct Imaging of Exoplanets Without Background Subtraction: Implications for ELTs
• Optimising reference library selection for reference-star differential imaging of discs with SPHERE/IRDIS