Non-negative Matrix Factorization: Robust Extraction of Extended Structures

Abstract

We apply the vectorized Non-negative Matrix Factorization (NMF) method to post-processing of direct imaging data for exoplanetary systems such as circumstellar disks. NMF is an iterative approach, which first creates a non-orthogonal and non-negative basis of components using given reference images, then models a target with the components. The constructed model is then rescaled with a factor to compensate for the contribution from a disk. We compare NMF with existing methods (classical reference differential imaging method, and the Karhunen-Loève image projection algorithm) using synthetic circumstellar disks, and demonstrate the superiority of NMF: with no need for prior selection of references, NMF can detect fainter circumstellar disks, better preserve low order disk morphology, and does not require forward modeling. As an application to a well-known disk example, we process the archival Hubble Space Telescope (HST) STIS coronagraphic observations of HD~181327 with different methods and compare them. NMF is able to extract some circumstellar material inside the primary ring for the first time. In the appendix, we mathematically investigate the stability of NMF components during iteration, and the linearity of NMF modeling.

22 pages, 1 table, 12 figures, ApJ published. Updated reference and figure, fixed typos

References in corpus (19)

• K-corrections and filter transformations in the ultraviolet, optical, and near infrared
• Monte Carlo radiative transfer in protoplanetary disks
• Probing for Exoplanets Hiding in Dusty Debris Disks: Disk Imaging, Characterization, and Exploration with HST/STIS Multi-Roll Coronagraphy
• VIP: Vortex Image Processing package for high-contrast direct imaging
• HST/NICMOS detection of HR 8799 b in 1998
• Speckle noise and dynamic range in coronagraphic images
• STIS Imaging of the HR 4796A Circumstellar Debris Ring
• Temporal Evolution of Coronagraphic Dynamic Range, and Constraints on Companions to Vega
• Reconnaissance of the HR 8799 Exosolar System II: Astrometry and Orbital Motion
• Chasing Shadows: Rotation of the Azimuthal Asymmetry in the TW Hya Disk
• Revealing Asymmetries in the HD 181327 Debris Disk: A Recent Massive Collision or ISM Warping
• Five Debris Disks Newly Revealed in Scattered Light from the HST NICMOS Archive
• First scattered-light images of the gas-rich debris disk around 49 Ceti
• Signatures of Planet Formation in Gravitationally Unstable Disks
• Very deep images of the innermost regions of the beta Pictoris debris disc at Lp
• Is the HD 15115 inner disk really asymmetrical ?
• Archival Legacy Investigations of Circumstellar Environments: Overview and First Results
• The IRCAL Polarimeter: Design, Calibration, and Data Reduction for an Adaptive Optics Imaging Polarimeter
• Post-processing of the HST STIS coronagraphic observations

Cited by in corpus (54)

• Debris Disks: Structure, Composition, and Variability
• Reference star differential imaging of close-in companions and circumstellar disks with the NIRC2 vortex coronagraph at W.M. Keck Observatory
• A temperate super-Jupiter imaged with JWST in the mid-infrared
• The JWST Early Release Science Program for the Direct Imaging & Spectroscopy of Exoplanetary Systems
• An Exo-Kuiper Belt and An Extended Halo around HD 191089 in Scattered Light
• Reference-star differential imaging on SPHERE/IRDIS
• MAYONNAISE: a morphological components analysis pipeline for circumstellar disks and exoplanets imaging in the near infrared
• Dynamical Mass of the Young Substellar Companion HD 984 B
• Protoplanetary disks in $K_s$-band total intensity and polarized light
• Multiband GPI Imaging of the HR 4796A Debris Disk
• Using Data Imputation for Signal Separation in High Contrast Imaging
• Fast Grain Mapping with Sub-Nanometer Resolution Using 4D-STEM with Grain Classification by Principal Component Analysis and Non-Negative Matrix Factorization
• A Decade of MWC 758 Disk Images: Where Are the Spiral-Arm-Driving Planets?
• REXPACO: an algorithm for high contrast reconstruction of the circumstellar environment by angular differential imaging
• A Layered Debris Disk around M Star TWA 7 in Scattered Light
• The Gemini Planet Imager view of the HD 32297 debris disk
• Debris Disk Color with the Hubble Space Telescope
• Constrained Reference Star Differential Imaging: Enabling High-Fidelity Imagery of Highly Structured Circumstellar Disks
• Discovery and origins of giant optical nebulae surrounding quasar PKS 0454-22
• Surveying Nearby Brown Dwarfs with HGCA: Direct Imaging Discovery of a Faint, High-Mass Brown Dwarf Orbiting HD 176535 A
• RSM detection map for direct exoplanet detection in ADI sequences
• Iterative Angular Differential Imaging (IADI): An exploration of recovering disk structures in scattered light with an iterative ADI approach
• Dynamical detection of a companion driving a spiral arm in a protoplanetary disk
• Space-Based Coronagraphic Imaging Polarimetry of the TW Hydrae Disk: Shedding New Light on Self-Shadowing Effects
• Apocenter pile-up and arcs: a narrow dust ring around HD 129590
• Sensitivity of the Roman Coronagraph Instrument to Exozodiacal Dust
• The SHARDDS survey: limits on planet occurrence rates based on point sources analysis via the Auto-RSM framework
• Inverse-problem versus principal component analysis methods for angular differential imaging of circumstellar disks. The mustard algorithm
• Hiding Dust Around $\epsilon$ Eridani
• Spectral unmixing for exoplanet direct detection in hyperspectral data
• Use the 4S (Signal-Safe Speckle Subtraction): Explainable Machine Learning reveals the Giant Exoplanet AF Lep b in High-Contrast Imaging Data from 2011
• Combining reference-star and angular differential imaging for high-contrast imaging of extended sources
• Karhunen-Loève Data Imputation in High Contrast Imaging
• The apparent absence of forward scattering in the HD 53143 debris disk
• NA-SODINN: a deep learning algorithm for exoplanet image detection based on residual noise regimes
• Auto-RSM: an automated parameter-selection algorithm for the RSM map exoplanet detection algorithm
• An HST/STIS View of Protoplanetary Disks in Upper Scorpius: Observations of Three Young M-Stars
• Reduced Order Estimation of the Speckle Electric Field History for Space-Based Coronagraphs
• ISPY -- NaCo Imaging Survey for Planets around Young stars. CenteR: the impact of centering and frame selection
• Deepest limits on scattered light emission from the Epsilon Eridani inner debris disk with HST/STIS
• EmulART: Emulating Radiative Transfer -- A pilot study on autoencoder based dimensionality reduction for radiative transfer models
• An Imaging Search for Post-Main-Sequence Planets of Sirius B
• Stretched Non-negative Matrix Factorization
• NMF-based GPU accelerated coronagraphy pipeline
• Deep Search for a scattered light dust halo around Vega with the Hubble Space Telescope
• Open Source High-Resolution Exoplanet Atmosphere Retrievals with POSEIDON
• Reconstructing redshift distributions with photometric galaxy clustering
• Spatial field reconstruction with INLA: Application to simulated galaxies
• StraKLIP: A novel pipeline for detection and characterization of close-in faint companions through Karhunen-Loêve Image Processing algorithm
• Using Non-Negative Matrix Factorization to Improve Calibration of the Keck OSIRIS Integral Field Spectrograph
• An Alternating Minimization Algorithm with Trajectory for Direct Exoplanet Detection -- The AMAT Algorithm
• Improving the RSM map exoplanet detection algorithm: PSF forward modelling and optimal selection of PSF subtraction techniques
• Dual Optimization for Kolmogorov Model Learning Using Enhanced Gradient Descent
• Optimising reference library selection for reference-star differential imaging of discs with SPHERE/IRDIS