Characterizing the protolunar disk of the accreting companion GQ Lupi B

Abstract

GQ Lup B is a young and accreting, substellar companion that appears to drive a spiral arm in the circumstellar disk of its host star. We report high-contrast imaging observations of GQ Lup B with VLT/NACO at 4-5 $\mu$m and medium-resolution integral field spectroscopy with VLT/MUSE. The optical spectrum is consistent with an M9 spectral type, shows characteristics of a low-gravity atmosphere, and exhibits strong H$\alpha$ emission. The $H-M^{\prime }$ color is $\gtrsim$1 mag redder than field dwarfs with similar spectral types and a detailed analysis of the spectral energy distribution (SED) from optical to mid-infrared wavelengths reveals excess emission in the $L^{\prime }$, NB4.05, and $M^{\prime }$ bands. The excess flux is well described by a blackbody component with $T_{\mathrm{disk}}\approx 460$ K and $R_{\mathrm{disk}}\approx 65R_{\mathrm{J}}$ and is expected to trace continuum emission from small grains in a protolunar disk. We derive an extinction of $A_V\approx 2.3$ mag from the broadband SED with a suspected origin in the vicinity of the companion. We also combine 15 yr of astrometric measurements and constrain the mutual inclination with the circumstellar disk to $84\pm 9$ deg, indicating a tumultuous dynamical evolution or a stellar-like formation pathway. From the measured H$\alpha$ flux and the estimated companion mass, $M_{\mathrm{p}}\approx 30M_{\mathrm{J}}$, we derive an accretion rate of $\dot{M}\approx 10^{-6.5}{M}_{\mathrm{J}}{\mathrm{yr}}^{-1}$. We speculate that the disk is in a transitional stage in which the assembly of satellites from a pebble reservoir has opened a central cavity while GQ Lup B is in the final stages of its formation.

arXiv comment28 pages, 11 figures, accepted for publication in AJ

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