Upper limits on protolunar disc masses using ALMA observations of directly-imaged exoplanets
arXiv:1906.11774 · doi:10.1093/mnras/stz1775
Abstract
The Solar System gas giants are each surrounded by many moons, with at least 50 prograde satellites thought to have formed from circumplanetary material. Just like the Sun is not the only star surrounded by planets, extrasolar gas giants are likely surrounded by satellite systems. Here, we report on ALMA observations of four <40 Myr old stars with directly-imaged companions: PZ Tel, AB Pic, 51 Eri, and And. Continuum emission at 1.3 mm is undetected for any of the systems. Since these are directly-imaged companions, there is knowledge of their temperatures, masses and locations. These allow for upper limits on the amount of circumplanetary dust to be derived from detailed radiative transfer models. These protolunar disc models consider two disc sizes: 0.4 and 0.04 times the exoplanet's Hill radius. The former is representative of hydrodynamic simulations of circumplanetary discs while the latter a case with significant radial drift of solids. The more compact case is also motivated by the semi-major axis of Callisto, enclosing Jupiter's Galilean satellites. All upper limits fall below the expected amount of dust required to explain regular satellite systems ( times the mass of their central planet). Upper limits are compared with viscous evolution and debris disc models. Our analysis suggests that the non detections can be interpreted as evidence of dust growth beyond metre sizes to form moonetesimals in timescales <10 Myr. This sample increases by 50% the number of ALMA non-detections of young companions available in the literature.
arXiv comment6 pages, 3 figures, accepted for publication in MNRAS
References in corpus (45)
- Direct Imaging of Multiple Planets Orbiting the Star HR 8799
- Seven temperate terrestrial planets around the nearby ultracool dwarf star TRAPPIST-1
- Protoplanetary Disks and Their Evolution
- Astrophysics Source Code Library
- A Giant Planet Candidate near a Young Brown Dwarf
- A probable giant planet imaged in the Beta Pictoris disk
- A Revised Age for Upper Scorpius and The Star-Formation History Among the F-Type Members of the Scorpius-Centaurus OB Association
- Discovery and spectroscopy of the young Jovian planet 51 Eri b with the Gemini Planet Imager
- A companion to AB Pic at the planet/brown dwarf boundary
- Giant Planet Companion to 2MASSW J1207334-393254
- The Ophiuchus DIsc Survey Employing ALMA (ODISEA) - I : project description and continuum images at 28 au resolution
- Formation of Regular Satellites from Ancient Massive Rings in the Solar System
- Circumplanetary disc properties obtained from radiation hydrodynamical simulations of gas accretion by protoplanets
- Exocometary gas in the HD 181327 debris ring
- Meridional circulation of gas into gaps opened by giant planets in three-dimensional low-viscosity disks
- First light of the VLT planet finder SPHERE. IV. Physical and chemical properties of the planets around HR8799
- First light of the VLT planet finder SPHERE. II. The physical properties and the architecture of the young systems PZ Tel and HD 1160 revisited
- Modeling giant extrasolar ring systems in eclipse and the case of J1407b: sculpting by exomoons?
- Accretion onto Planetary Mass Companions of Low-Mass Young Stars
- Kuiper Belt-Like Hot and Cold Populations of Planetesimal Inclinations in the Pictoris Belt Revealed by ALMA
- On the Radio Detectability of Circumplanetary Discs
- Resolving the Planetesimal Belt of HR 8799 with ALMA
- Evidence for a circumplanetary disk around protoplanet PDS 70 b
- Long Baseline Observations of the HD100546 Protoplanetary Disk with ALMA
- The Kappa Andromedae System: New Constraints on the Companion Mass, System Age & Further Multiplicity
- HST NICMOS Imaging of the Planetary-mass Companion to the Young Brown Dwarf 2MASS J1207334-393254
- Optical spectroscopy of EX Lupi during quiescence and outburst: Infall, wind, and dynamics in the accretion flow
- Post conjunction detection of Pictoris b with VLT/SPHERE
- Near-infrared integral-field spectra of the planet/brown dwarf companion AB Pic b
- Characterization of the gaseous companion κ Andromedae b: New Keck and LBTI high-contrast observations
- The evolution of photo-evaporating viscous discs in binaries
- An ALMA and MagAO Study of the Substellar Companion GQ Lup B
- ALMA 1.3 Millimeter Map of the HD 95086 System
- The Age of the Directly-Imaged Planet Host Star Andromedae Determined From Interferometric Observations
- Magnetic Coupling in the Disks Around Young Gas Giant Planets
- Dust evolution and satellitesimal formation in circumplanetary disks
- An ALMA Constraint on the GSC 6214-210 B Circum-Substellar Accretion Disk Mass
- ALMA observations of the multiplanet system 61 Vir: What lies outside super-Earth systems?
- Satellites Form Fast & Late: a Population Synthesis for the Galilean Moons
- ALMA Observations of the Young Substellar Binary System 2M1207
- New Extinction and Mass Estimates from Optical Photometry of the Very Low Mass Brown Dwarf Companion CT Chamaeleontis B with the Magellan AO System
- An Explanation of the Very Low Radio Flux of Young Planet-mass Companions
- An upper limit on the mass of the circumplanetary disk for DH Tau b
- Searching for Saturn's Dust Swarm: Limits on the size distribution of Irregular Satellites from km to micron sizes
- VLA observations of the disk around the young brown dwarf 2MASS J044427+2512
Cited by in corpus (20)
- Long Baseline Observations of the HD100546 Protoplanetary Disk with ALMA
- A survey of the linear polarization of directly imaged exoplanets and brown dwarf companions with SPHERE-IRDIS. First polarimetric detections revealing disks around DH Tau B and GSC 6214-210 B
- Molecules with ALMA at Planet-forming Scales (MAPS). A Circumplanetary Disk Candidate in Molecular Line Emission in the AS 209 Disk
- Limits on Millimeter Continuum Emission from Circumplanetary Material in the DSHARP Disks
- As the Worlds Turn: Constraining Spin Evolution in the Planetary-Mass Regime
- Insights into the planetary dynamics of HD 206893 with ALMA
- A Occurrence Rate of Debris Discs around F stars in the Pic Moving Group
- Characterizing the protolunar disk of the accreting companion GQ Lupi B
- The search for disks or planetary objects around directly imaged companions: A candidate around DH Tau B
- ALMA 0.88 mm Survey of Disks around Planetary-mass Companions
- Can close-in giant exoplanets preserve detectable moons?
- ALMA Discovery of a Disk around the Planetary-mass Companion SR 12 c
- A Mid-Infrared Study of Directly-Imaged Planetary-Mass Companions using Archival Spitzer/IRAC Images
- The Pictoris b Hill sphere transit campaign. Paper I: Photometric limits to dust and rings
- In-depth direct imaging and spectroscopic characterization of the young Solar System analog HD 95086
- ALMA and NACO observations towards the young exoring transit system J1407 (V1400 Cen)
- Astrometric and photometric characterization of Tel B combining two decades of observations
- New constraints on the presence of debris disks around G 196-3 B and VHS J125601.92-125723.9 b
- Radial velocity analysis of stars with debris discs
- The morphology of CSCha circumbinary disk suggesting the existence of a Saturn-mass planet