The Limiting Effects of Dust in Brown Dwarf Model Atmospheres

Abstract

We present opacity sampling model atmospheres, synthetic spectra and colors for brown dwarfs and very low mass stars in two limiting case of dust grain formation: 1) inefficient gravitational settling i.e. the dust is distributed according to the chemical equilibrium predictions, 2) efficient gravitational settling i.e. the dust forms and depletes refractory elements from the gas, but their opacity does not affect the thermal structure. The models include the formation of over 600 gas phase species, and 1000 liquids and crystals, and the opacities of 30 different types of grains including corundum (Al${}_2$O${}_3$), the magnesium aluminum spinel MgAl${}_2$O${}_4$, iron, enstatite (MgSiO${}_3$), forsterite (Mg${}_2$SiO${}_4$), amorphous carbon, SiC, and a number of calcium silicates. The models extend from the beginning of the grain formation regime well into the condensation regime of water ice ($\teff= 3000 - 100$ K) and encompasses the range of $\log g=2.5-6.0$ at solar metallicity. We find that silicate dust grains can form abundantly in the outer atmospheric layers of red and brown dwarfs with spectral type later than M8. The greenhouse effects of dust opacities provide a natural explanation for the peculiarly red spectroscopic distribution of the latest M dwarfs and young brown dwarfs. The grainless (Cond) models on the other hand, correspond closely to methane brown dwarfs such as Gliese 229B. We also recover that the $\lambda$5891,5897ÅNa I D and $\lambda$7687,7701ÅK I resonance doublets plays a critical role in T dwarfs where their red wing define the pseudo-continuum from the $I$ to the $Z$ bandpass.

49 pages, ApJ, in press. 22 figures (included). Corrected nasty typos. Also available at http:/phoenix.physast.uga.edu

References in corpus (1)

• Variability in ultra cool dwarfs: evidence for the evolution of surface features

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• Probing Dust in the Atmosphere of Brown Dwarfs Through Polarization
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• COol Companions ON Ultrawide orbiTS (COCONUTS). I. A High-Gravity T4 Benchmark around an Old White Dwarf and A Re-Examination of the Surface-Gravity Dependence of the L/T Transition
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• Chemical Properties of the Local Galactic Disk and Halo. I. Fundamental Properties of 1,544 Nearby, High Proper-Motion M dwarfs and subdwarfs
• An Extreme-AO Search for Giant Planets around a White Dwarf --VLT/SPHERE performance on a faint target GD 50
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• MADYS: the Manifold Age Determination for Young Stars
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• Methane band and Spitzer mid-IR imaging of L and T dwarf candidates in the Pleiades
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• The electronic bands of CrD, CrH, MgD and MgH: application to the "deuterium test"
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• High Resolution Spectroscopy during Eclipse of the Young Substellar Eclipsing Binary 2MASS 0535-0546. I. Primary Spectrum: Cool Spots versus Opacity Uncertainties
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• FIRST, a fibered aperture masking instrument II. Spectroscopy of the Capella binary system at the diffraction limit
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• New spectro-photometric characterization of the substellar object HR 2562 B using SPHERE
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• Optical Variability, Rotation Period and Inclination Angle of the M9.5 dwarf BRI 0021-0214
• The Ariel 0.6 - 7.8 $\mu$m stellar limb-darkening coefficients
• Effect of Dust Size on the Near-Infrared Spectra (1.0-5.0 $\mu$m) of Brown Dwarf Atmospheres
• Nuclear fusion in the deuterated cores of inflated hot Jupiters
• A spectral differential approach to characterizing low-mass companions to late-type stars
• Optical and Near-Infrared Spectroscopy of the L Subdwarf SDSS J125637.13-022452.4
• JWST high-contrast spectroscopy with speckle modelling: Atmospheric retrievals of the T dwarf companion HD 19467 B
• Metallicities in M dwarfs: Investigating different determination techniques
• Silicate Clouds, SiO, and Molecular Trends across the L-T Sequence: A JWST/MIRI LRS Spectral Library of Brown Dwarfs
• Prospects of using simulations to study the photospheres of brown dwarfs