Neglected Clouds in T and Y Dwarf Atmospheres

Abstract

As brown dwarfs cool, a variety of species condense in their atmospheres, forming clouds. Iron and silicate clouds shape the emergent spectra of L dwarfs, but these clouds dissipate at the L/T transition. A variety of other condensates are expected to form in cooler T dwarf atmospheres. These include Cr, MnS, Na2S, ZnS, and KCl, but the opacity of these optically thinner clouds has not been included in previous atmosphere models. Here, we examine their effect on model T and Y dwarf atmospheres. The cloud structures and opacities are calculated using the Ackerman & Marley (2001) cloud model, which is coupled to an atmosphere model to produce atmospheric pressure-temperature profiles in radiative-convective equilibrium. We generate a suite of models between Teff = 400 and 1300 K, log g=4.0 and 5.5, and condensate sedimentation efficiencies from fsed=2 to 5. Model spectra are compared to two red T dwarfs, Ross 458C and UGPS 0722-05; models that include clouds are found to match observed spectra significantly better than cloudless models. The emergence of sulfide clouds in cool atmospheres, particularly Na2S, may be a more natural explanation for the "cloudy" spectra of these objects, rather than the re-emergence of silicate clouds that wane at the L-to-T transition. We find that sulfide clouds provide a mechanism to match the near- and mid-infrared colors of observed T dwarfs. Our results indicate that including the opacity of condensates in T dwarf atmospheres is necessary to accurately determine the physical characteristics of many of the observed objects.

17 pages, 12 figures, Accepted for publication in ApJ

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• The Effects of Cuboid Particle Scattering on Reflected Light Phase Curves: Insights from Laboratory Data and Theory
• Idealised 3D simulations of diabatically-forced Ledoux convection. Application to the atmosphere of hot rocky exoplanets
• Warm Jupiters around M-dwarfs are great opportunities for extensive chemical, cloud and haze characterisation with JWST
• Global Chemistry and Thermal Structure Models for the Hot Jupiter WASP-43b and Predictions for JWST
• The L dwarf/T dwarf transition: multiplicity, magnetic activity and mineral meteorology across the hydrogen burning limit
• Cloudy solutions for the clear skies of WASP-80b: 3D cloud feedback on the atmosphere and spectra of a warm Jupiter
• Effect of Dust Size on the Near-Infrared Spectra (1.0-5.0 $\mu$m) of Brown Dwarf Atmospheres
• Obliquity Constraints on the Planetary-mass Companion HD 106906 b
• Direct Images of CO2 Absorption in the Atmosphere of a Super-Jupiter: Enhanced Metallicity Suggestive of Formation in a Disk
• Patchy nightside clouds on ultra-hot Jupiters: General Circulation Model simulations with radiatively active cloud tracers
• 14 Her: a likely case of planet-planet scattering
• Panchromatic characterization of the Y0 brown dwarf WISEP J173835.52+273258.9 using JWST/MIRI
• Searching for Faint Comoving Companions to the $\alpha$ Centauri system in the VVV Survey Infrared Images
• Time-resolved JWST Retrieval Analysis of the Coldest Brown Dwarf: Temperature and Chemical Variations in WISE 0855-07
• Dynamics of Y Dwarf Atmospheres
• Impact of Clouds on the Atmosphere-Mantle Interface of Sub-Neptunes
• Next-generation Exo-REM atmospheric models: application to VHS 1256 b to emulate patchy clouds
• Cloudy and Cloud-free Thermal Phase Curves with PICASO: Applications to WASP-43b
• A Uniform Retrieval Analysis of Ultra-cool Dwarfs. IV. A Statistical Census from 50 Late-T Dwarfs
• JWST-TST High Contrast: First Direct Spectroscopy of GJ 504 b reveals Clouds and Possible Metal Enrichment
• Silicate Clouds, SiO, and Molecular Trends across the L-T Sequence: A JWST/MIRI LRS Spectral Library of Brown Dwarfs
• Toward the Analysis of JWST Exoplanet Spectra: the effective temperature in the context of direct imaging