Discovery of a wide planetary-mass companion to the young M3 star GU Psc

Abstract

We present the discovery of a co-moving planetary-mass companion ~42" (~2000 AU) from a young M3 star, GU Psc, likely member of the young AB Doradus Moving Group (ABDMG). The companion was first identified via its distinctively red i - z color (> 3.5) through a survey made with Gemini-S/GMOS. Follow-up Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope/WIRCam near-infrared (NIR) imaging, Gemini-N/GNIRS NIR spectroscopy and Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer photometry indicate a spectral type of T3.5+-1 and reveal signs of low gravity which we attribute to youth. Keck/Adaptive Optics NIR observations did not resolve the companion as a binary. A comparison with atmosphere models indicates Teff = 1000-1100 K and logg = 4.5-5.0. Based on evolution models, this temperature corresponds to a mass of 9-13 MJup for the age of ABDMG (70-130 Myr). The relatively well-constrained age of this companion and its very large angular separation to its host star will allow its thorough characterization and will make it a valuable comparison for planetary-mass companions that will be uncovered by forthcoming planet-finder instruments such as Gemini Planet Imager and SPHERE.

arXiv comment18 p., 10 fig., published in ApJ. May 20th, 2014: Small corrections compared to the journal version: 1) addition of the an important reference to 1RSX 1609-2105b from Lafrenière et al. 2008, 2010, 2) update of the url for Andrew Mann metallicity calibration, 3) correction of a few factual mistakes in section 2.2.4), 4) aesthetic reformatting of urls

References in corpus (103)

• The Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE): Mission Description and Initial On-orbit Performance
• The USNO-B Catalog
• Direct Imaging of Multiple Planets Orbiting the Star HR 8799
• Evolutionary models for cool brown dwarfs and extrasolar giant planets. The case of HD 20945
• The Ninth Data Release of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey: First Spectroscopic Data from the SDSS-III Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey
• A Method of Correcting Near-Infrared Spectra for Telluric Absorption
• Images of a fourth planet orbiting HR 8799
• Models of Stars, Brown Dwarfs and Exoplanets
• A giant planet imaged in the disk of the young star Beta Pictoris
• Precipitating Condensation Clouds in Substellar Atmospheres
• The PPMXL catalog of positions and proper motions on the ICRS. Combining USNO-B1.0 and 2MASS
• The Formation of a Star Cluster: Predicting the Properties of Stars and Brown Dwarfs
• The Evolution of L and T Dwarfs in Color-Magnitude Diagrams
• A Giant Planet Candidate near a Young Brown Dwarf
• Defining and cataloging exoplanets: The exoplanet.eu database
• The HARPS search for southern extra-solar planets XXXI. The M-dwarf sample
• Constraining the Age-Activity Relation for Cool Stars: The SDSS DR5 Low-Mass Star Spectroscopic Sample
• The Formation of Brown Dwarfs as Ejected Stellar Embryos
• A probable giant planet imaged in the Beta Pictoris disk
• The Hawaii Infrared Parallax Program. I. Ultracool Binaries and the L/T Transition
• Very Low Mass Stars and Brown Dwarfs in Taurus-Auriga
• A Unified Near Infrared Spectral Classification Scheme for T Dwarfs
• Neglected Clouds in T and Y Dwarf Atmospheres
• Stellar, Brown Dwarf, and Multiple Star Properties from Hydrodynamical Simulations of Star Cluster Formation
• The Spectra of T Dwarfs I: Near-Infrared Data and Spectral Classification
• The First Hundred Brown Dwarfs Discovered by the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE)
• The Formation Mechanism of Brown Dwarfs
• Detection of Carbon Monoxide and Water Absorption Lines in an Exoplanet Atmosphere
• Metallicity and Temperature Indicators in M dwarf K band Spectra: Testing New & Updated Calibrations With Observations of 133 Solar Neighborhood M dwarfs
• The 0.8-14.5 micron Spectra of Mid-L to Mid-T Dwarfs: Diagnostics of Effective Temperature, Grain Sedimentation, Gas Transport, and Surface Gravity
• The properties of brown dwarfs and low-mass hydrogen-burning stars formed by disc fragmentation
• Clouds and Chemistry in the Atmosphere of Extrasolar Planet HR8799b
• Bayesian analysis to identify new star candidates in nearby young stellar kinematic groups
• Atmospheric Parameters of Field L and T Dwarfs
• Seventy-One New L and T Dwarfs from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey
• The Deuterium-Burning Mass Limit for Brown Dwarfs and Giant Planets
• BANYAN. II. Very Low Mass and Substellar Candidate Members to Nearby, Young Kinematic Groups With Previously Known Signs of Youth
• The evolution of X-ray emission in young stars
• The Tucana/Horologium, Columba, AB Doradus, and Argus Associations: New Members and Dusty Debris Disks
• Direct Imaging of a Cold Jovian Exoplanet in Orbit around the Sun-like Star GJ 504
• Brown Dwarfs and the TW Hya Association
• On the angular momentum evolution of fully-convective stars: rotation periods for field M-dwarfs from the MEarth transit survey
• An empirical criterion to classify T Tauri stars and substellar analogs using low-resolution optical spectroscopy
• Discovery of Two T Dwarf Companions with the Spitzer Space Telescope
• A lithium depletion boundary age of 21 Myr for the Beta Pictoris moving group
• The Effective Temperature Scale of M dwarfs
• Near-infrared Metallicities, Radial Velocities and Spectral Types for 447 Nearby M Dwarfs
• A Patchy Cloud Model for the L to T Dwarf Transition
• The Angular Momentum Evolution of Very Low Mass Stars
• The Mauna Kea Observatories Near-Infrared Filter Set. I: Defining Optimal 1-5 $\mu$m Bandpasses
• Hubble Space Telescope NICMOS Observations of T Dwarfs: Brown Dwarf Multiplicity and New Probes of the L/T Transition
• The Mauna Kea Observatories Near-Infrared Filter Set. III. Isophotal Wavelengths and Absolute Calibration
• Ammonia as a tracer of chemical equilibrium in the T7.5 dwarf Gliese 570D
• Prospecting in late-type dwarfs: a calibration of infrared and visible spectroscopic metallicities of late-K and M dwarfs spanning 1.5 dex
• Discovery of a Candidate for the Coolest Known Brown Dwarf
• Brown dwarf formation by gravitational fragmentation of massive, extended protostellar discs
• Epsilon Indi Ba/Bb: the nearest binary brown dwarf
• The nearest young moving groups
• PPM-Extended (PPMX) - a catalogue of positions and proper motions
• JHK Observations of Faint Standard Stars in the Mauna Kea Near-Infrared Photometric System
• Search for associations containing young stars. III- Ages and Li abundances
• Rapid Formation of Gas Giant Planets around M Dwarf Stars
• Lithium Depletion of Nearby Young Stellar Associations
• BANYAN. III. Radial velocity, Rotation and X-ray emission of low-mass star candidates in nearby young kinematic groups
• SDSS J1534+1615AB: A Novel T Dwarf Binary Found with Keck Laser Guide Star Adaptive Optics and the Potential Role of Binarity in the L/T Transition
• The Age of AB Dor
• HD 203030B: an Unusually Cool Young Sub-Stellar Companion near the L/T Transition
• Properties of gravitoturbulent accretion disks
• New periodic variable stars coincident with ROSAT sources discovered using SuperWASP
• RACE-OC Project: Rotation and variability in young stellar associations within 100 pc
• New H2 collision-induced absorption and NH3 opacity and the spectra of the coolest brown dwarfs
• Sloan Low-Mass Wide Pairs of Kinematically Equivalent Stars (SLoWPoKES): A Catalog of Very Wide, Low-mass Pairs
• A Candidate Substellar Companion to CoD -33 7795 (TWA 5)
• The Gemini NICI Planet-Finding Campaign : Discovery of a Substellar L Dwarf Companion to the Nearby Young M Dwarf CD-35 2722
• Clouds in the Coldest Brown Dwarfs: FIRE Spectroscopy of Ross 458C
• On the origin of planets at very wide orbits from the re-capture of free floating planets
• Planets Around Low-Mass Stars (PALMS). III. A Young Dusty L Dwarf Companion at the Deuterium-Burning Limit
• Cool Young Stars in the Northern Hemisphere: Beta Pictoris and AB Doradus Moving Group Candidates
• Discovery of a Highly Unequal-Mass Binary T Dwarf with Keck Laser Guide Star Adaptive Optics: A Coevality Test of Substellar Theoretical Models and Effective Temperatures
• On the kinematic evolution of young local associations and the Sco-Cen complex
• An H-band Spectroscopic Metallicity Calibration for M Dwarfs
• The Hamburg/RASS Catalogue of optical identifications. Northern high-galactic latitude ROSAT Bright Source Catalogue X-ray sources
• Lacerta I and Cassiopeia III: Two luminous and distant Andromeda satellite dwarf galaxies found in the 3π Pan-STARRS1 survey
• Planets Around Low-Mass Stars (PALMS). I. A Substellar Companion to the Young M Dwarf 1RXS J235133.3+312720
• A Kine-Chemical Investigation of the AB Dor Moving Group "Stream"
• The properties of the T8.5p dwarf Ross 458C
• CFBDSIR2149-0403: a 4-7 Jupiter-mass free-floating planet in the young moving group AB Doradus ?
• The Solar Neighborhood. XXVI. AP Col: The Closest (8.4 pc) Pre-Main-Sequence Star
• A new benchmark T8-9 brown dwarf and a couple of new mid-T dwarfs from the UKIDSS DR5+ LAS
• CFBDSIR J1458+1013B: A Very Cold (>T10) Brown Dwarf in a Binary System
• Finding ultracool brown dwarfs with MegaCam on CFHT: method and first results
• Deficit of wide binaries in the eta Chamaeleontis young cluster
• The ultracool-field dwarf luminosity-function and space density from the Canada-France Brown Dwarf Survey
• The Exemplar T8 Subdwarf Companion of Wolf 1130
• An accurate distance to 2M1207Ab
• Performance of the Near-infrared coronagraphic imager on Gemini-South
• A Cross-Match of 2MASS and SDSS. II. Peculiar L Dwarfs, Unresolved Binaries, and the Space Density of T Dwarf Secondaries
• Near-infrared integral-field spectra of the planet/brown dwarf companion AB Pic b
• Discovery of a T dwarf + white dwarf binary system
• A Test of Pre-Main-Sequence Lithium Depletion Models
• HN Peg B: A Test of Models of the L to T Dwarf Transition
• Discovery of two L & T binaries with wide separations and peculiar photometric properties
• NICI: combining coronagraphy, ADI, and SDI

Cited by in corpus (95)

• Discovery and spectroscopy of the young Jovian planet 51 Eri b with the Gemini Planet Imager
• Imaging Extrasolar Giant Planets
• Fundamental Parameters and Spectral Energy Distributions of Young and Field Age Objects with Masses Spanning the Stellar to Planetary Regime
• The Hawaii Infrared Parallax Program. II. Young Ultracool Field Dwarfs
• BANYAN. VII. A New Population of Young Substellar Candidate Members of Nearby Moving Groups from the BASS Survey
• Planets Around Low-Mass Stars (PALMS). IV. The Outer Architecture of M Dwarf Planetary Systems
• A self-consistent cloud model for brown dwarfs and young giant exoplanets: comparison with photometric and spectroscopic observations
• Discovery of a young planetary mass companion to the nearby M dwarf VHS J125601.92-125723.9
• Spectral and atmospheric characterization of 51 Eridani b using VLT/SPHERE
• Characterizing 51 Eri b from 1-5 $\mu$m: a partly-cloudy exoplanet
• BANYAN. V. A Systematic All-Sky Survey for New Very Late-Type Low-Mass Stars and Brown Dwarfs in Nearby Young Moving Groups
• A Volume-Limited Sample of Ultracool Dwarfs. I. Construction, Space Density, and a Gap in the L/T Transition
• Magellan Adaptive Optics first-light observations of the exoplanet beta Pic b. II. 3-5 micron direct imaging with MagAO+Clio, and the empirical bolometric luminosity of a self-luminous giant planet
• LACEwING: A New Moving Group Analysis Code
• A Search for L/T Transition Dwarfs With Pan-STARRS1 and WISE. II. L/T Transition Atmospheres and Young Discoveries
• Spectroscopic characterization of HD 95086 b with the Gemini Planet Imager
• Wide, Cool and Ultracool Companions to Nearby Stars from Pan-STARRS1
• The GJ 504 system revisited. Combining interferometric, radial velocity, and high contrast imaging data
• SDSS J111010.01+011613.1: A New Planetary-Mass T Dwarf Member of the AB Doradus Moving Group
• SIMP J013656.5+093347 is Likely a Planetary-Mass Object in the Carina-Near Moving Group
• A Direct Imaging Survey of Spitzer detected debris disks: Occurrence of giant planets in dusty systems
• In-depth study of moderately young but extremely red, very dusty substellar companion HD206893B
• The properties of discs around planets and brown dwarfs as evidence for disc fragmentation
• Search for free-floating planetary-mass objects in the Pleiades
• The SEEDS High Contrast Imaging Survey of Exoplanets around Young Stellar Objects
• On the Mass Function, Multiplicity, and Origins of Wide-Orbit Giant Planets
• Rotation Periods, Inclinations, and Obliquities of Cool Stars Hosting Directly Imaged Substellar Companions: Spin-Orbit Misalignments are Common
• BANYAN. XII. New Members of Nearby Young Associations from Gaia-Tycho Data
• Surface Gravities for 228 M, L, and T Dwarfs in the NIRSPEC Brown Dwarf Spectroscopic Survey
• SCExAO/CHARIS Near-Infrared Direct Imaging, Spectroscopy, and Forward-Modeling of kappa And b: A Likely Young, Low-Gravity Superjovian Companion
• The Young Suns Exoplanet Survey: Detection of a wide orbit planetary mass companion to a solar-type Sco-Cen member
• GPI PSF subtraction with TLOCI: the next evolution in exoplanet/disk high-contrast imaging
• A Search for Variability in Exoplanet Analogues and Low-Gravity Brown Dwarfs
• ACRONYM III: Radial Velocities for 336 Candidate Young Low-Mass Stars in the Solar Neighborhood, Including 78 Newly Confirmed Young Moving Group Members
• MASSIVE: A Bayesian analysis of giant planet populations around low-mass stars
• The dynamical fate of planetary systems in young star clusters
• SIMP J2154-1055: A New Low-Gravity L4$\beta$ Brown Dwarf Candidate Member of the Argus Association
• Planets Around Low-Mass Stars (PALMS). VI. Discovery of a Remarkably Red Planetary-Mass Companion to the AB Dor Moving Group Candidate 2MASS J22362452+4751425
• Brown Dwarfs in Young Moving Groups from Pan-STARRS1. I. AB Doradus
• The Hawaii Infrared Parallax Program. V. New T-Dwarf Members and Candidate Members of Nearby Young Moving Groups
• Host star metallicity of directly imaged wide-orbit planets: implications for planet formation
• COol Companions ON Ultrawide orbiTS (COCONUTS). I. A High-Gravity T4 Benchmark around an Old White Dwarf and A Re-Examination of the Surface-Gravity Dependence of the L/T Transition
• BANYAN. VI. Discovery of a companion at the brown dwarf/planet-mass limit to a Tucana-Horologium M dwarf
• The Elusive Majority of Young Moving Groups. I. Young Binaries and Lithium-Rich Stars in the Solar Neighborhood
• The effect of radiative feedback on disc fragmentation
• The Hawaii Infrared Parallax Program. III. 2MASS J0249-0557 c: A Wide Planetary-mass Companion to a Low-mass Binary in the beta Pic Moving Group
• TOI-1278 B: SPIRou unveils a rare Brown Dwarf Companion in Close-In Orbit around an M dwarf
• Constraints on the architecture of the HD 95086 planetary system with the Gemini Planet Imager
• X-SHYNE: X-shooter spectra of young exoplanet analogs. I. A medium-resolution 0.65-2.5$\mu \mathrm{m}$ one-shot spectrum of VHS\,1256-1257 b
• Constraints on the occurrence and distribution of 1--20 \mj\ companions to stars at separations of 5--5000\,au from a compilation of direct imaging surveys
• Colour-magnitude diagrams of transiting Exoplanets - II. A larger sample from photometric distances
• Accretion signatures in the X-shooter spectrum of the substellar companion to SR12
• The Young Substellar Companion ROXs 12 B: Near-Infrared Spectrum, System Architecture, and Spin-Orbit Misalignment
• Planets Around Low-Mass Stars (PALMS). V. Age-Dating Low-Mass Companions to Members and Interlopers of Young Moving Groups
• 2MASS J13243553+6358281 is an Early T-Type Planetary-Mass Object in the AB Doradus Moving Group
• Optical and Near-Infrared Spectra of sigma Orionis Isolated Planetary-mass Objects
• WISE2150-7520AB: A very low mass, wide co-moving brown dwarf system discovered through the citizen science project Backyard Worlds: Planet 9
• Wolf 1130: A Nearby Triple System Containing a Cool, Ultramassive White Dwarf
• The VAST Survey - IV. A wide brown dwarf companion to the A3V star $\zeta$ Delphini
• Cloud Atlas: Weak color modulations due to rotation in the planetary-mass companion GU Psc b and 11 other brown dwarfs
• Warm and Cold Molecular Gas Conditions Modeled in 87 Galaxies Observed by the Herschel SPIRE Fourier Transform Spectrometer
• High Contrast Imaging with Spitzer : Constraining the Frequency of Giant Planets out to 1000 AU separations
• A nearby young M dwarf with a wide, possibly planetary-mass companion
• Are Some Milky Way Globular Clusters Hosted by Undiscovered Galaxies?
• A debris disk under the influence of a wide planetary mass companion: The system of HD106906
• Spectroscopic follow-up of L- and T-type proper-motion member candidates in the Pleiades
• PSYM-WIDE: a survey for large-separation planetary-mass companions to late spectral type members of young moving groups
• The diverse lives of massive protoplanets in self-gravitating discs
• The Prototypical Young L/T-Transition Dwarf HD 203030B Likely Has Planetary Mass
• Microlensing by Kuiper, Oort, and Free-Floating Planets
• A search for photometric variability in the young T3.5 planetary-mass companion GU Psc b
• WEIRD: Wide-orbit Exoplanet search with InfraRed Direct imaging
• Orbiting a binary: SPHERE characterisation of the HD 284149 system
• New spectro-photometric characterization of the substellar object HR 2562 B using SPHERE
• Thermal Infrared Imaging and Atmospheric Modeling of VHS J125601.92-125723.9 b: Evidence for Moderately Thick Clouds and Equilibrium Carbon Chemistry in a Hierarchical Triple System
• USco1621 B and USco1556 B: Two wide companions at the deuterium-burning mass limit in Upper Scorpius
• Characterization of the known T type dwarfs towards the Sigma Orionis cluster
• A faint companion around CrA-9: protoplanet or obscured binary?
• A Pilot Radio Search for Magnetic Activity in Directly Imaged Exoplanets
• A LOFAR mini-survey for low-frequency radio emission from the nearest brown dwarfs
• Direct Imaging discovery of a second planet candidate around the possibly transiting planet host CVSO 30
• Binary stripping as a plausible origin of correlated pairs of extreme trans-Neptunian objects
• BANYAN. X. Discovery of a wide, low-gravity L-type companion to a fast-rotating M3 dwarf
• Increasing the census of L and T dwarfs in wide binary and multiple systems using Dark Energy Survey DR1 and Gaia DR2 data
• Spectral characterization of young LT dwarfs
• Discovery of Young Methane Dwarfs in the Rho Ophiuchi L 1688 Dark Cloud
• Exoplanet Atmosphere Measurements from Direct Imaging
• The First High-Contrast Images of X-Ray Binaries: Detection of Candidate Companions in the $\gamma$ Cas Analog RX J1744.7$-$2713
• An L+T Spectral Binary with Possible AB Doradus Kinematics
• Free-floating planetary mass objects in LDN 1495 from Euclid Early Release Observations
• Large Scale Searches for Brown Dwarfs and Free-Floating Planets
• Memories of past close encounters in extreme trans-Neptunian space: Finding unseen planets using pure random searches
• The Brown Dwarf Kinematics Project (BDKP). V. Radial and Rotational Velocities of T Dwarfs from Keck/NIRSPEC High-Resolution Spectroscopy
• Keck Observations in the INfrared of Taurus and $\rho$ Oph Exoplanets And Ultracool dwarfs (KOINTREAU) II: Two Young Bound Companions to Ophiuchus Stars
• A planetary-mass candidate imaged in the Young Suns Exoplanet Survey