Under the magnifying glass: A combined 3D model applied to cloudy warm Saturn type exoplanets around M-dwarfs
arXiv:2410.17716 · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202450753
Abstract
Warm Saturn type exoplanets orbiting M-dwarfs are particularly suitable for in-depth cloud characterisation through transmission spectroscopy due to their favourable stellar to planetary radius contrast. However, modelling cloud formation consistently within the 3D atmosphere remains computationally challenging. The aim is to explore the combined atmospheric and micro-physical cloud structure, and the kinetic gas-phase chemistry for the warm Saturn HATS0-6b orbiting an M-dwarf. A combined 3D cloudy atmosphere model is constructed by iteratively executing the 3D General Circulation Model (GCM) expeRT/MITgcm and a kinetic cloud formation model, each in its full complexity. Resulting cloud particle number densities, sizes, and compositions are used to derive the local cloud opacity which is then utilised in the next GCM iteration. The disequilibrium H/C/O/N gas-phase chemistry is calculated for each iteration to assess the resulting transmission spectrum in post-processing. The cloud opacity feedback causes a temperature inversion at the sub-stellar point and at the evening terminator at gas pressures higher than 0.01 bar. Furthermore, clouds cool the atmosphere between 0.01 bar and 10 bar, and narrow the equatorial wind jet. The transmission spectrum shows muted gas-phase absorption and a cloud particle silicate feature at approximately 10 micron. The combined atmosphere-cloud model retains the full physical complexity of each component and therefore enables a detailed physical interpretation with JWST NIRSpec and MIRI LRS observational accuracy. The model shows that warm Saturn type exoplanets around M-dwarfs are ideal candidates to search for limb asymmetries in clouds and chemistry, identify cloud particle composition by observing their spectral features, and identify the cloud-induced strong thermal inversion that arises on these planets specifically.
arXiv comment21 pages, 15 figures, Accepted by A&A
References in corpus (156)
- Array Programming with NumPy
- The chemical composition of the Sun
- A continuum from clear to cloudy hot-Jupiter exoplanets without primordial water depletion
- Clouds in the atmosphere of the super-Earth exoplanet GJ 1214b
- Precipitating Condensation Clouds in Substellar Atmospheres
- A Unified Theory for the Atmospheres of the Hot and Very Hot Jupiters: Two Classes of Irradiated Atmospheres
- A map of the day-night contrast of the extrasolar planet HD 189733b
- Atmospheric Circulation and Tides of "51Peg b-like" Planets
- ExoMol molecular line lists XXX: a complete high-accuracy line list for water
- Atmospheric circulation of hot Jupiters: Coupled radiative-dynamical general circulation model simulations of HD 189733b and HD 209458b
- petitRADTRANS: a Python radiative transfer package for exoplanet characterization and retrieval
- Disequilibrium Carbon, Oxygen, and Nitrogen Chemistry in the Atmospheres of HD 189733b and HD 209458b
- A Possible Bifurcation in Atmospheres of Strongly Irradiated Stars and Planets
- A Steeper than Linear Disk Mass-Stellar Mass Scaling Relation
- Neglected Clouds in T and Y Dwarf Atmospheres
- Equatorial superrotation on tidally locked exoplanets
- The MUSCLES Treasury Survey I: Motivation and Overview
- A ground-based transmission spectrum of the super-Earth exoplanet GJ1214b
- 3D mixing in hot Jupiter atmospheres. I. application to the day/night cold trap in HD 209458b
- From thermal dissociation to condensation in the atmospheres of ultra hot Jupiters: WASP-121b in context
- PandExo: A Community Tool for Transiting Exoplanet Science with JWST & HST
- ExoMol line lists III: An improved hot rotation-vibration line list for HCN and HNC
- Early Release Science of the exoplanet WASP-39b with JWST NIRSpec PRISM
- Transitions in the cloud composition of hot Jupiters
- Inference of Inhomogeneous Clouds in an Exoplanet Atmosphere
- ExoMol Molecular linelists -- XXXIII. The spectrum of Titanium Oxide
- Early Release Science of the Exoplanet WASP-39b with JWST NIRSpec G395H
- Equilibrium chemistry down to 100 K - Impact of silicates and phyllosilicates on carbon/oxygen ratio
- Photochemically-produced SO in the atmosphere of WASP-39b
- Strong Dependence of the Inner Edge of the Habitable Zone on Planetary Rotation Rate
- The MUSCLES Treasury Survey II: Intrinsic Lyman Alpha and Extreme Ultraviolet Spectra of K and M Dwarfs with Exoplanets
- ExoMol molecular line lists XXXV: a rotation-vibration line list for hot ammonia
- A Sub-Neptune Exoplanet with a Low-Metallicity Methane-Depleted Atmosphere and Mie-Scattering Clouds
- ExoMol molecular line lists - XVI: The rotation-vibration spectrum of hot HS
- Aerosol Composition of Hot Giant Exoplanets Dominated by Silicates and Hydrocarbon Hazes
- HST hot-Jupiter transmission spectral survey: detection of potassium in WASP-31b along with a cloud deck and Rayleigh scattering
- Early Release Science of the exoplanet WASP-39b with JWST NIRISS
- The MUSCLES Treasury Survey III: X-ray to Infrared Spectra of 11 M and K Stars Hosting Planets
- Transmission spectral properties of clouds for hot Jupiter exoplanets
- ExoMol line lists XVIII. The high temperature spectrum of VO
- The Influence of Non-Uniform Cloud Cover on Transit Transmission Spectra
- ExoMol line lists -- XXXIX. Ro-vibrational molecular line list for CO
- Retrieving scattering clouds and disequilibrium chemistry in the atmosphere of HR 8799e
- VULCAN: an Open-Source, Validated Chemical Kinetics Python Code for Exoplanetary Atmospheres
- The Near-Infrared Spectrograph (NIRSpec) on the James Webb Space Telescope II. Multi-object spectroscopy (MOS)
- Hubble Space Telescope Near-IR Transmission Spectroscopy of the Super-Earth HD 97658b
- The Very Low Albedo of an Extrasolar Planet: MOST Spacebased Photometry of HD 209458
- Atmospheric Circulation of Hot Jupiters: Dayside-Nightside Temperature Differences
- Thermal Phase Variations of WASP-12b: Defying Predictions
- Early Release Science of the exoplanet WASP-39b with JWST NIRCam
- Atmospheric Heat Redistribution on Hot Jupiters
- The atmospheric circulation of a nine-hot Jupiter sample: Probing circulation and chemistry over a wide phase space
- ExoMol line lists VII: The rotation-vibration spectrum of phosphine up to 1500 K
- Dust in Brown Dwarfs and Extra-solar Planets I. Chemical composition and spectral appearance of quasi-static cloud layers
- A self-consistent cloud model for brown dwarfs and young giant exoplanets: comparison with photometric and spectroscopic observations
- The Complete transmission spectrum of WASP-39b with a precise water constraint
- A hybrid line list for CH and hot methane continuum
- Dynamic mineral clouds on HD 189733b I. 3D RHD with kinetic, non-equilibrium cloud formation
- Consistent simulations of substellar atmospheres and non-equilibrium dust-cloud formation
- Pseudo 2D chemical model of hot Jupiter atmospheres: application to HD 209458b and HD 189733b
- Observations of Exoplanet Atmospheres
- The MUSCLES Treasury Survey. V. FUV Flares on Active and Inactive M Dwarfs
- Day-night cloud asymmetry prevents early oceans on Venus but not on Earth
- Thermochemistry and Photochemistry in Cooler Hydrogen Dominated Extrasolar Planets: The Case of GJ436b
- Atmospheric Circulation of Hot Jupiters: Dayside-Nightside Temperature Differences. II. Comparison with Observations
- HATS-6b: A Warm Saturn Transiting an Early M Dwarf Star, and a Set of Empirical Relations for Characterizing K and M Dwarf Planet Hosts
- A Chemical Kinetics Network for Lightning and Life in Planetary Atmospheres
- Beyond Equilibrium Temperature: How the Atmosphere/Interior Connection Affects the Onset of Methane, Ammonia, and Clouds in Warm Transiting Giant Planets
- SO2, silicate clouds, but no CH4 detected in a warm Neptune
- The Intrinsic Temperature and Radiative-Convective Boundary Depth in the Atmospheres of Hot Jupiters
- The Mid-Infrared Instrument for the James Webb Space Telescope: IV. The Low Resolution Spectrometer
- 3D modeling of GJ1214b's atmosphere: formation of inhomogeneous high clouds and observational implications
- The cloudy shape of hot Jupiter thermal phase curves
- The MUSCLES Treasury Survey IV: Scaling Relations for Ultraviolet, Ca II K, and Energetic Particle Fluxes from M Dwarfs
- 3D modeling of GJ1214b's atmosphere: vertical mixing driven by an anti-Hadley circulation
- Formation of Silicate and Titanium Clouds on Hot Jupiters
- VLT FORS2 comparative transmission spectroscopy: Detection of Na in the atmosphere of WASP-39b from the ground
- Hydrogen Cyanide in Nitrogen-Rich Atmospheres of Rocky Exoplanets
- Optical constants of refractory oxides at high temperatures
- Simulating the cloudy atmospheres of HD 209458 b and HD 189733 b with the 3D Met Office Unified Model
- Transit Signatures of Inhomogeneous Clouds on Hot Jupiters: Insights From Microphysical Cloud Modeling
- CRIRES spectroscopy and empirical line-by-line identification of FeH molecular absorption in an M dwarf
- The mineral clouds on HD 209458b and HD189733b
- The ARCiS framework for Exoplanet Atmospheres: Modelling Philosophy and Retrieval
- Microphysics of KCl and ZnS Clouds on GJ 1214b
- Vertical Tracer Mixing in Hot Jupiter Atmospheres
- Clouds in Three-Dimensional Models of Hot Jupiters Over a Wide Range of Temperatures I: Thermal Structures and Broadband Phase Curve Predictions
- Vanadium oxide and a sharp onset of cold-trapping on a giant exoplanet
- New Avenues for Thermal Inversions in hot Jupiters
- Near-infrared absorption properties of oxygen-rich stardust analogues: The influence of coloring metal ions
- The Near-Infrared Spectrograph (NIRSpec) on the James Webb Space Telescope IV. Capabilities and predicted performance for exoplanet characterization
- HST hot-Jupiter transmission spectral survey: Clear skies for cool Saturn WASP-39b
- Detection of a Westward Hotspot Offset in the Atmosphere of a Hot Gas Giant CoRoT-2b
- The ARCiS framework for Exoplanet Atmospheres: The Cloud Transport Model
- On the effects of clouds and hazes in the atmospheres of hot Jupiters: semi-analytical temperature-pressure profiles
- Equatorial anti-rotating day side wind flow in WASP-43b elicited by deep wind jets?
- Modeled Temperature-Dependent Clouds with Radiative Feedback in Hot Jupiter Atmospheres
- A temperature inversion with atomic iron in the ultra-hot dayside atmosphere of WASP-189b
- The Effect of 3D Transport-Induced Disequilibrium Carbon Chemistry on the Atmospheric Structure and Phase Curves and Emission Spectra of Hot Jupiter HD 189733b
- Influence of Stellar Flares on the Chemical Composition of Exoplanets and Spectra
- Understanding the atmospheric properties and chemical composition of the ultra-hot Jupiter HAT-P-7b: I. Cloud and chemistry mapping
- Warm Ice Giant GJ 3470b. I. A Flat Transmission Spectrum Indicates a Hazy, Low-methane, and/or Metal-rich Atmosphere
- The Influence of Host Star Spectral Type on Ultra-Hot Jupiter Atmospheres
- Atmospheric circulation of brown dwarfs and directly imaged exoplanets driven by cloud radiative feedback: global and equatorial dynamics
- Jupiter Analogues Orbit Stars with an Average Metallicity Close to that of the Sun
- 3D simulations of photochemical hazes in the atmosphere of hot Jupiter HD 189733b
- Sparkling nights and very hot days on WASP-18b: the formation of clouds and the emergence of an ionosphere
- Optical and X-ray observations of stellar flares on an active M dwarf AD Leonis with Seimei Telescope, SCAT, NICER and OISTER
- Exonephology: Transmission spectra from a 3D simulated cloudy atmosphere of HD209458b
- An Observational Diagnostic for Distinguishing Between Clouds and Haze in Hot Exoplanet Atmospheres
- Clouds will likely prevent the detection of water vapor in JWST transmission spectra of terrestrial exoplanets
- Cloud property trends in hot and ultra-hot giant gas planets (WASP-43b, WASP-103b, WASP-121b, HAT-P-7b, and WASP-18b)
- Large Interferometer For Exoplanets (LIFE): V. Diagnostic potential of a mid-infrared space-interferometer for studying Earth analogs
- Modeling the effects of inhomogeneous aerosols on the hot Jupiter Kepler-7b's atmospheric circulation
- Simulating gas giant exoplanet atmospheres with Exo-FMS: Comparing semi-grey, picket fence and correlated-k radiative-transfer schemes
- Grid of Pseudo-2D Chemistry Models for Tidally-Locked Exoplanets. I. The Role of Vertical and Horizontal Mixing
- Sulfur Chemistry in the Atmospheres of Warm and Hot Jupiters
- Dust in Brown Dwarfs IV. Dust formation and driven turbulence on mesoscopic scales
- Ionization in atmospheres of Brown Dwarfs and extrasolar planets IV. The Effect of Cosmic Rays
- Bottom-up dust nucleation theory in oxygen-rich evolved stars I. Aluminium oxide clusters
- Detection of iron emission lines and a temperature inversion on the dayside of the ultra-hot Jupiter KELT-20b
- Mineral cloud and hydrocarbon haze particles in the atmosphere of the hot Jupiter JWST target WASP-43b
- TOI-3714 b and TOI-3629 b: Two gas giants transiting M dwarfs confirmed with HPF and NEID
- Effects of Latent Heating on Atmospheres of Brown Dwarfs and Directly Imaged Planets
- The Impact of Mixing Treatments on Cloud Modelling in 3D Simulations of Hot Jupiters
- Grid of pseudo-2D chemistry models for tidally locked exoplanets -- II. The role of photochemistry
- Extremely long convergence times in a 3D GCM simulation of the sub-Neptune Gliese 1214b
- Exoplanet weather and climate regimes with clouds and thermal ionospheres: A model grid study in support of large-scale observational campaigns
- MOVES IV. Modelling the influence of stellar XUV-flux, cosmic rays, and stellar energetic particles on the atmospheric composition of the hot Jupiter HD 189733b
- Dust in brown dwarfs and extra-solar planets. VII. Cloud formation in diffusive atmospheres
- Aura-3D: A Three-dimensional Atmospheric Retrieval Framework for Exoplanet Transmission Spectra
- JWST Transit Spectra I: Exploring Potential Biases and Opportunities in Retrievals of Tidally-locked Hot Jupiters with Clouds and Hazes
- Characterisation of stellar activity of M dwarfs. I. Long-timescale variability in a large sample and detection of new cycles
- Photochemical hazes dramatically alter temperature structure and atmospheric circulation in 3D simulations of hot Jupiters
- Mineral snowflakes on exoplanets and brown dwarfs: Effects of micro-porosity, size distributions, and particle shape
- Stellar energetic particles in the magnetically turbulent habitable zones of TRAPPIST-1-like planetary systems
- A Mini-Chemical Scheme with Net Reactions for 3D GCMs II. 3D thermochemical modelling of WASP-39b and HD 189733b
- Modons on Tidally Synchronised Extrasolar Planets
- Indications for very high metallicity and absence of methane for the eccentric exo-Saturn WASP-117b
- The Impact of Phase Equilibrium Cloud Models on GCM Simulations of GJ~1214b
- Impact of stellar flares on the chemical composition and transmission spectra of gaseous exoplanets orbiting M dwarfs
- Clouds form on the hot Saturn JWST ERO target WASP-96b
- A Temperature Trend for Clouds and Hazes in Exoplanets Atmospheres
- Exoplanetary Monte Carlo Radiative Transfer with Correlated-k I. Benchmarking Transit and Emission Observables
- Signatures of Clouds in Hot Jupiter Atmospheres: Modeled High Resolution Emission Spectra from 3D General Circulation Models
- No evidence for radius inflation in hot Jupiters from vertical advection of heat
- Cloud Parameterizations and their Effect on Retrievals of Exoplanet Reflection Spectroscopy
- Modelling dynamically driven global cloud formation microphysics in the HAT-P-1b atmosphere
- Self-consistent atmosphere modeling with cloud formation for low-mass stars and exoplanets
- Revisiting fundamental properties of TiO nanoclusters as condensation seeds in astrophysical environments
- The energetic particle environment of a GJ 436 b-like planet
- The unusual M-dwarf Warm Jupiter TOI-1899~b: Refinement of orbital and planetary parameters
- Bottom-up dust nucleation theory in oxygen-rich evolved stars II. Magnesium and calcium aluminate clusters
- Dust in brown dwarfs and extra-solar planets. VIII. TiO seed formation: 3D Monte Carlo versus kinetic approach
- Vanadium oxide clusters in substellar atmospheres: A quantum chemical study
- The effect of thermal non-equilibrium on kinetic nucleation