Simulating the cloudy atmospheres of HD 209458 b and HD 189733 b with the 3D Met Office Unified Model

Abstract

To understand and compare the 3D atmospheric structure of HD 209458 b and HD 189733 b, focusing on the formation and distribution of cloud particles, as well as their feedback on the dynamics and thermal profile. We couple the 3D Met Office Unified Model (UM), including detailed treatments of atmospheric radiative transfer and dynamics, to a kinetic cloud formation scheme. The resulting model self--consistently solves for the formation of condensation seeds, surface growth and evaporation, gravitational settling and advection, cloud radiative feedback via absorption and, crucially, scattering. Fluxes directly obtained from the UM are used to produce synthetic SEDs and phase curves. Our simulations show extensive cloud formation in both planets, however, cooler temperatures in the HD 189733 b result in higher cloud particle number densities. Sub-micron particles are suspended by vertical flows leading to extensive upper-atmosphere cloud cover. A combination of meridional advection and efficient cloud formation in cooler high latitude regions, result in enhanced cloud coverage for latitudes > 30 degrees and leads to a zonally banded structure for all our simulations. The cloud bands extend around the entire planet(s), as the temperatures, even on the day side, remain below the condensation temperature of silicates and oxides. Therefore, our simulated optical phase curve for HD 209458 b shows no `offset', in contrast to observations. Efficient scattering by cloud results an atmospheric cooling of up to 250K, and an advection-driven fluctuating cloud opacity causes temporal variability in the thermal emission. The inclusion of this fundamental cloud-atmosphere radiative feedback leads to significant differences with approaches neglecting these physical elements and suggests both a note of caution of interpretations neglecting such cloud feedback and scattering, and merits further study.

arXiv comment28 pages, 23 figures and accepted for publication in A&A

References in corpus (64)

• The chemical composition of the Sun
• Detection of an Extrasolar Planet Atmosphere
• A continuum from clear to cloudy hot-Jupiter exoplanets without primordial water depletion
• The orbital motion, absolute mass, and high-altitude winds of exoplanet HD209458b
• Precipitating Condensation Clouds in Substellar Atmospheres
• A map of the day-night contrast of the extrasolar planet HD 189733b
• Atmospheric Circulation and Tides of "51Peg b-like" Planets
• The ExoMol database: molecular line lists for exoplanet and other hot atmospheres
• Infrared Transmission Spectroscopy of the Exoplanets HD209458b and XO-1b Using the Wide Field Camera-3 on the Hubble Space Telescope
• Chemical Equilibrium Abundances in Brown Dwarf and Extrasolar Giant Planet Atmospheres
• ExoMol: molecular line lists for exoplanet and other atmospheres
• The prevalence of dust on the exoplanet HD 189733b from Hubble and Spitzer observations
• Equatorial superrotation on tidally locked exoplanets
• Detection of water absorption in the day side atmosphere of HD 189733 b using ground-based high-resolution spectroscopy at 3.2 microns
• 3D mixing in hot Jupiter atmospheres. I. application to the day/night cold trap in HD 209458b
• Transitions in the cloud composition of hot Jupiters
• Inference of Inhomogeneous Clouds in an Exoplanet Atmosphere
• An ultrahot gas-giant exoplanet with a stratosphere
• Fingering convection and cloudless models for cool brown dwarf atmospheres
• Rotation and winds of exoplanet HD 189733 b measured with high-dispersion transmission spectroscopy
• Detection of H2O and evidence for TiO/VO in an ultra hot exoplanet atmosphere
• Transmission spectral properties of clouds for hot Jupiter exoplanets
• Atmospheric circulation of tidally locked exoplanets: a suite of benchmark tests for dynamical solvers
• Dynamic Meteorology at the Photosphere of HD 209458b
• Accuracy tests of radiation schemes used in hot Jupiter global circulation models
• Atmospheric Circulation of Hot Jupiters: A Shallow Three-Dimensional Model
• Atmospheric Dynamics of Hot Exoplanets
• The Deep Blue Color of HD189733b: Albedo Measurements with Hubble Space Telescope/Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph at Visible Wavelengths
• Spatially resolved eastward winds and rotation of HD 189733b
• Spitzer Phase Curve Constraints for WASP-43b at 3.6 and 4.5 microns
• Dust in Brown Dwarfs and Extra-solar Planets I. Chemical composition and spectral appearance of quasi-static cloud layers
• Atmospheric Dynamics of Short-period Extra Solar Gas Giant Planets I: Dependence of Night-Side Temperature on Opacity
• Dynamic mineral clouds on HD 189733b I. 3D RHD with kinetic, non-equilibrium cloud formation
• Consistent simulations of substellar atmospheres and non-equilibrium dust-cloud formation
• A comprehensive study of Kepler phase curves and secondary eclipses -- temperatures and albedos of confirmed Kepler giant planets
• Three Dimensional Radiative Hydrodynamical Simulations of the Highly Irradiated Short Period Exoplanet HD189733b
• Gran Telescopio Canarias OSIRIS Transiting Exoplanet Atmospheric Survey: Detection of potassium in XO-2b from narrowband spectrophotometry
• Discovery of water at high spectral resolution in the atmosphere of 51 Peg b
• Advection of potential temperature in the atmosphere of irradiated exoplanets: a robust mechanism to explain radius inflation
• A New 24 micron Phase Curve for upsilon Andromedae b
• Dust in brown dwarfs and extra-solar planets II. Cloud formation for cosmologically evolving abundances
• Exploring the climate of Proxima B with the Met Office Unified Model
• Treatment of overlapping gaseous absorption with the correlated-k method in hot Jupiter and brown dwarf atmosphere models
• Variability in the Atmosphere of the Hot Giant Planet HAT-P-7 b
• 2D Models for Dust-driven AGB Star Winds
• The UK Met Office GCM with a sophisticated radiation scheme applied to the hot Jupiter HD 209458b
• 3D Structures of equatorial waves and the resulting superrotation in the atmosphere of a tidally locked hot Jupiter
• The mineral clouds on HD 209458b and HD189733b
• Studying atmosphere-dominated hot Jupiter Kepler phase curves: Evidence that inhomogeneous atmospheric reflection is common
• Photolytic Hazes in the Atmosphere of 51 Eri b
• Rayleigh scattering in the transmission spectrum of HAT-P-18b
• A Characteristic Transmission Spectrum dominated by H${}_2$O applies to the majority of HST/WFC3 exoplanet observations
• The mid-infrared spectrum of the transiting exoplanet HD 209458b
• Modelling the local and global cloud formation on HD 189733b
• Results from a set of three-dimensional numerical experiments of a hot Jupiter atmosphere
• Observable signatures of wind--driven chemistry with a fully consistent three dimensional radiative hydrodynamics model of HD 209458b
• The effect of metallicity on the atmospheres of exoplanets with fully coupled 3D hydrodynamics, equilibrium chemistry, and radiative transfer
• Analytical Models of Exoplanetary Atmospheres. III. Gaseous C-H-O-N Chemistry with 9 Molecules
• Optical phase curves as diagnostics for aerosol composition in exoplanetary atmospheres
• Dust in Brown Dwarfs IV. Dust formation and driven turbulence on mesoscopic scales
• Cloud formation in metal-rich atmospheres of hot super-Earths like 55 Cnc e and CoRot7b
• Atmospheric electrification in dusty, reactive gases in the solar system and beyond
• Self-consistent atmosphere modeling with cloud formation for low-mass stars and exoplanets
• Ionisation and discharge in cloud-forming atmospheres of brown dwarfs and extrasolar planets

Cited by in corpus (91)

• Exoplanetary Atmospheres: Key Insights, Challenges and Prospects
• The Atmospheric Circulation of Ultra-hot Jupiters
• The cloudy shape of hot Jupiter thermal phase curves
• The Transiting Exoplanet Community Early Release Science Program for JWST
• Hot Jupiters: Origins, Structure, Atmospheres
• Aerosols in Exoplanet Atmospheres
• PLATON II: New Capabilities And A Comprehensive Retrieval on HD 189733b Transit and Eclipse Data
• Transit Signatures of Inhomogeneous Clouds on Hot Jupiters: Insights From Microphysical Cloud Modeling
• Atmospheric Regimes and Trends on Exoplanets and Brown Dwarfs
• Exoplanet Clouds
• Global-mean Vertical Tracer Mixing in Planetary Atmospheres I: Theory and Fast-rotating Planets
• Implications of three-dimensional chemical transport in hot Jupiter atmospheres: results from a consistently coupled chemistry-radiation-hydrodynamics model
• Vertical Tracer Mixing in Hot Jupiter Atmospheres
• Microphysics of KCl and ZnS Clouds on GJ 1214b
• Clouds in Three-Dimensional Models of Hot Jupiters Over a Wide Range of Temperatures I: Thermal Structures and Broadband Phase Curve Predictions
• Modeled Temperature-Dependent Clouds with Radiative Feedback in Hot Jupiter Atmospheres
• The Effect of 3D Transport-Induced Disequilibrium Carbon Chemistry on the Atmospheric Structure and Phase Curves and Emission Spectra of Hot Jupiter HD 189733b
• Understanding the atmospheric properties and chemical composition of the ultra-hot Jupiter HAT-P-7b: I. Cloud and chemistry mapping
• TRIDENT: A Rapid 3D Radiative Transfer Model for Exoplanet Transmission Spectra
• Idealised simulations of the deep atmosphere of hot jupiters: Deep, hot, adiabats as a robust solution to the radius inflation problem
• 3D simulations of photochemical hazes in the atmosphere of hot Jupiter HD 189733b
• Global-mean Vertical Tracer Mixing in Planetary Atmospheres II: Tidally Locked Planets
• The 3D thermal, dynamical and chemical structure of the atmosphere of HD 189733b: implications of wind-driven chemistry for the emission phase curve
• The effect of metallicity on the atmospheres of exoplanets with fully coupled 3D hydrodynamics, equilibrium chemistry, and radiative transfer
• No umbrella needed: Confronting the hypothesis of iron rain on WASP-76b with post-processed general circulation models
• Exonephology: Transmission spectra from a 3D simulated cloudy atmosphere of HD209458b
• Cloud property trends in hot and ultra-hot giant gas planets (WASP-43b, WASP-103b, WASP-121b, HAT-P-7b, and WASP-18b)
• Temporal Variability in Hot Jupiter Atmospheres
• Observability of signatures of transport-induced chemistry in clear atmospheres of hot gas giant exoplanets
• Atmospheric variability driven by radiative cloud feedback in brown dwarfs and directly imaged extrasolar giant planets
• The Limits of the Primitive Equations of Dynamics for Warm, Slowly Rotating Small Neptunes and Super Earths
• Overcast on Osiris: 3D radiative-hydrodynamical simulations of a cloudy hot Jupiter using the parameterised, phase-equilibrium cloud formation code EddySed
• Clouds of Fluffy Aggregates: How They Form in Exoplanetary Atmospheres and Influence Transmission Spectra
• Quartz Clouds in the Dayside Atmosphere of the Quintessential Hot Jupiter HD 189733 b
• Chemical variation with altitude and longitude on exo-Neptunes: Predictions for Ariel phase-curve observations
• The Impact of Mixing Treatments on Cloud Modelling in 3D Simulations of Hot Jupiters
• A Universal Cloud Composition on the Nightsides of Hot Jupiters
• Exoplanet weather and climate regimes with clouds and thermal ionospheres: A model grid study in support of large-scale observational campaigns
• MOVES IV. Modelling the influence of stellar XUV-flux, cosmic rays, and stellar energetic particles on the atmospheric composition of the hot Jupiter HD 189733b
• Dust in brown dwarfs and extra-solar planets. VII. Cloud formation in diffusive atmospheres
• JWST Transit Spectra I: Exploring Potential Biases and Opportunities in Retrievals of Tidally-locked Hot Jupiters with Clouds and Hazes
• Photochemical hazes dramatically alter temperature structure and atmospheric circulation in 3D simulations of hot Jupiters
• An exploration of model degeneracies with a unified phase curve retrieval analysis: The light and dark sides of WASP-43 b
• Optical to near-infrared transmission spectrum of the warm sub-Saturn HAT-P-12b
• A Mini-Chemical Scheme with Net Reactions for 3D GCMs II. 3D thermochemical modelling of WASP-39b and HD 189733b
• The potassium absorption on HD189733b and HD209458b
• Atmospheric circulation of tidally locked gas giants with increasing rotation and implications for white-dwarf-brown-dwarf systems
• Implications of different stellar spectra for the climate of tidally-locked Earth-like exoplanets
• The Impact of Phase Equilibrium Cloud Models on GCM Simulations of GJ~1214b
• Spatially Resolved Modeling of Optical Albedos for a Sample of Six Hot Jupiters
• The Mantis Network II: Examining the 3D high-resolution observable properties of the UHJs WASP-121b and WASP-189b through GCM modelling
• The Effect of Clouds as an Additional Opacity Source on the Inferred Metallicity of Giant Exoplanets
• Modeling the high-resolution emission spectra of clear and cloudy non-transiting hot Jupiters
• Investigating Trends in Atmospheric Compositions of Cool Gas Giant Planets Using Spitzer Secondary Eclipses
• Investigating the detectability of hydrocarbons in exoplanet atmospheres with JWST
• Exoplanetary Monte Carlo Radiative Transfer with Correlated-k I. Benchmarking Transit and Emission Observables
• Signatures of Clouds in Hot Jupiter Atmospheres: Modeled High Resolution Emission Spectra from 3D General Circulation Models
• A Mini-Chemical Scheme with Net Reactions for 3D GCMs I.: Thermochemical Kinetics
• Atmospheres on Nonsynchronized Eccentric-tilted Exoplanets II: Thermal Light Curves
• The Acceleration of Superrotation in Simulated Hot Jupiter Atmospheres
• Lightning and charge processes in brown dwarf and exoplanet atmospheres
• A Lack of Variability Between Repeated Spitzer Phase Curves of WASP-43b
• Modelling dynamically driven global cloud formation microphysics in the HAT-P-1b atmosphere
• The THOR+HELIOS general circulation model: multi-wavelength radiative transfer with accurate scattering by clouds/hazes
• Day-night transport induced chemistry and clouds on WASP-39b I: Gas-phase composition
• A Direct Comparison between the use of Double Gray and Multiwavelength Radiative Transfer in a General Circulation Model with and without Radiatively Active Clouds
• Cloud-convection feedback in brown dwarfs atmosphere
• A formally motivated retrieval framework applied to the high resolution transmission spectrum of HD 189733 b
• Clouds and Hazes in GJ 1214b's Metal-Rich Atmosphere
• Why heterogeneous cloud particles matter: Iron-bearing species and cloud particle morphology affects exoplanet transmission spectra
• ExoLyn: a golden mean approach to multi-species cloud modelling in atmospheric retrieval
• Radiative Rayleigh-Taylor Instability and the structure of clouds in planetary atmospheres
• Three-dimensional dynamical evolution of cloud particle microphysics in sub-stellar atmospheres I. Description and exploring Y-dwarf atmospheric variability
• Ground-Based Transmission Spectroscopy with VLT FORS2: Evidence for faculae and clouds in the optical spectrum of the warm Saturn WASP-110b
• Dust in brown dwarfs and extra-solar planets. VIII. TiO${}_2$ seed formation: 3D Monte Carlo versus kinetic approach
• Lightning in other planets
• Under the magnifying glass: A combined 3D model applied to cloudy warm Saturn type exoplanets around M-dwarfs
• Examining NHD vs QHD in the GCM THOR with non-grey radiative transfer for the hot Jupiter regime
• Beyond monoculture: polydisperse moment methods for sub-stellar atmosphere cloud microphysics I. Examining properties of the exponential distribution
• Spitzer phase curve observations and circulation models of the inflated ultra-hot Jupiter WASP-76b
• From Global Climate Models (GCMs) to Exoplanet Spectra with the Global Emission Spectra (GlobES)
• DARWEN: Data-driven Algorithm for Reduction of Wide Exoplanetary Networks
• Accelerating exoplanet climate modelling: A machine learning approach to complement 3D GCM grid simulations
• Global Chemistry and Thermal Structure Models for the Hot Jupiter WASP-43b and Predictions for JWST
• Evolution of spheroidal dust in electrically active sub-stellar atmospheres
• Patchy nightside clouds on ultra-hot Jupiters: General Circulation Model simulations with radiatively active cloud tracers
• The Hubble PanCET Program: A Featureless Transmission Spectrum for WASP-29b and Evidence of Enhanced Atmospheric Metallicity on WASP-80b
• Beyond monoculture: Polydisperse moment methods for sub-stellar atmosphere cloud microphysics II. A three-moment gamma distribution formulation for GCM applications
• GCM-Motivated Multidimensional Temperature Parametrization Scheme for Phasecurve Retrieval
• Grain Growth in Escaping Atmospheres: Implications for the Radius Inflation of Super-Puffs
• Cloudy and Cloud-free Thermal Phase Curves with PICASO: Applications to WASP-43b