Spitzer Phase Curve Constraints for WASP-43b at 3.6 and 4.5 microns

Abstract

Previous measurements of heat redistribution efficiency (the ability to transport energy from a planet's highly irradiated dayside to its eternally dark nightside) show considerable variation between exoplanets. Theoretical models predict a positive correlation between heat redistribution efficiency and temperature for tidally locked planets; however, recent HST WASP-43b spectroscopic phase curve results are inconsistent with current predictions. Using the Spitzer Space Telescope, we obtained a total of three phase curve observations of WASP-43b (P=0.813 days) at 3.6 and 4.5 microns. The first 3.6 micron visit exhibits spurious nightside emission that requires invoking unphysical conditions in our cloud-free atmospheric retrievals. The two other visits exhibit strong day-night contrasts that are consistent with the HST data. To reconcile the departure from theoretical predictions, WASP-43b would need to have a high-altitude, nightside cloud/haze layer blocking its thermal emission. Clouds/hazes could be produced within the planet's cool, nearly retrograde mid-latitude flows before dispersing across its nightside at high altitudes. Since mid-latitude flows only materialize in fast-rotating ($\lesssim 1$ day) planets, this may explain an observed trend connecting measured day-night contrast with planet rotation rate that matches all current Spitzer phase curve results. Combining independent planetary emission measurements from multiple phases, we obtain a precise dayside hemisphere H2O abundance ($2.5\times 10^{-5}-1.1\times 10^{-4}$ at 1$\sigma$ confidence) and, assuming chemical equilibrium and a scaled solar abundance pattern, we derive a corresponding metallicity estimate that is consistent with being solar (0.4 -- 1.7). Using the retrieved global CO+CO2 abundance under the same assumptions, we estimate a comparable metallicity of 0.3 - 1.7$\times$ solar. (Abridged)

arXiv commentAccepted for publication in AJ

References in corpus (64)

• The Infrared Array Camera (IRAC) for the Spitzer Space Telescope
• Analytic Lightcurves for Planetary Transit Searches
• Information criteria for astrophysical model selection
• A continuum from clear to cloudy hot-Jupiter exoplanets without primordial water depletion
• A Unified Theory for the Atmospheres of the Hot and Very Hot Jupiters: Two Classes of Irradiated Atmospheres
• Detection of Thermal Emission from an Extrasolar Planet
• Atmospheric circulation of hot Jupiters: Coupled radiative-dynamical general circulation model simulations of HD 189733b and HD 209458b
• The prevalence of dust on the exoplanet HD 189733b from Hubble and Spitzer observations
• A Precise Water Abundance Measurement for the Hot Jupiter WASP-43b
• A Systematic Retrieval Analysis of Secondary Eclipse Spectra I: A Comparison of Atmospheric Retrieval Techniques
• Thermal structure of an exoplanet atmosphere from phase-resolved emission spectroscopy
• The climate of HD 189733b from fourteen transits and eclipses measured by Spitzer
• 3.6 and 4.5 Micron Phase Curves and Evidence for Non-Equilibrium Chemistry in the Atmosphere of Extrasolar Planet HD 189733b
• Parameter Estimation from Time-Series Data with Correlated Errors: A Wavelet-Based Method and its Application to Transit Light Curves
• Transitions in the cloud composition of hot Jupiters
• Possible thermochemical disequilibrium in the atmosphere of the exoplanet GJ 436b
• Theoretical Spectra and Atmospheres of Extrasolar Giant Planets
• Spitzer Secondary Eclipses of the Dense, Modestly-irradiated, Giant Exoplanet HAT-P-20b Using Pixel-Level Decorrelation
• Thermal Emission and Albedo Spectra of Super Earths with Flat Transmission Spectra
• Dynamics and Disequilibrium Carbon Chemistry in Hot Jupiter Atmospheres, With Application to HD 209458b
• Atmospheric Circulation of Hot Jupiters: Three-dimensional circulation models of HD 209458b and HD 189733b with Simplified Forcing
• The Influence of Non-Uniform Cloud Cover on Transit Transmission Spectra
• A Systematic Retrieval Analysis of Secondary Eclipse Spectra II: A Uniform Analysis of Eight Planets and Their C to O Ratios
• The TRAPPIST survey of southern transiting planets. I. Thirty eclipses of the ultra-short period planet WASP-43 b
• Inverting Phase Functions to Map Exoplanets
• Thermal Phase Variations of WASP-12b: Defying Predictions
• Atmospheric Circulation of Hot Jupiters: Dayside-Nightside Temperature Differences
• Atmospheric Heat Redistribution on Hot Jupiters
• Orbital Phase Variations of the Eccentric Giant Planet HAT-P-2b
• The atmospheric circulation of a nine-hot Jupiter sample: Probing circulation and chemistry over a wide phase space
• The Influence of Atmospheric Dynamics on the Infrared Spectra and Light Curves of Hot Jupiters
• WASP-43b: The closest-orbiting hot Jupiter
• No Thermal Inversion and a Solar Water Abundance for the Hot Jupiter HD209458b from HST WFC3 Emission Spectroscopy
• Transit and Eclipse Analyses of Exoplanet HD 149026b Using BLISS Mapping
• The Atmospheric Circulation of the Hot Jupiter WASP-43b: Comparing Three-Dimensional Models to Spectrophotometric Data
• The 4.5 $\mu$m full-orbit phase curve of the hot Jupiter HD 209458b
• Characterizing Transiting Planet Atmospheres through 2025
• Pseudo 2D chemical model of hot Jupiter atmospheres: application to HD 209458b and HD 189733b
• New Analysis Indicates No Thermal Inversion in the Atmosphere of HD 209458b
• The Effects of Irradiation on Hot Jovian Atmospheres: Heat Redistribution and Energy Dissipation
• On the Orbit of Exoplanet WASP-12b
• Quantifying and Predicting the Presence of Clouds in Exoplanet Atmospheres
• Spitzer 3.6 micron and 4.5 micron full-orbit lightcurves of WASP-18
• 3.6 and 4.5 $\mu$m $Spitzer$ Phase Curves of the Highly-Irradiated Hot Jupiters WASP-19b and HAT-P-7b
• A Model for Thermal Phase Variations of Circular and Eccentric Exoplanets
• A Spitzer Transmission Spectrum for the Exoplanet GJ 436b, Evidence for Stellar Variability, and Constraints on Dayside Flux Variations
• The Impact of Non-Uniform Thermal Structure on the Interpretation of Exoplanet Emission Spectra
• Spitzer observations of the thermal emission from WASP-43b
• 3.6 and 4.5 $\mu$m Phase Curves of the Highly-Irradiated Eccentric Hot Jupiter WASP-14b
• Transiting Exoplanet Studies and Community Targets for JWST's Early Release Science Program
• Spherically symmetric model atmospheres for low mass pre-Main Sequence stars with effective temperatures between 2000 and 6800 K
• Features in the Broadband Eclipse Spectra of Exoplanets: Signal or Noise?
• Optical Albedo Theory of Strongly-Irradiated Giant Planets: The Case of HD 209458b
• Repeatability and Accuracy of Exoplanet Eclipse Depths Measured with Post-Cryogenic Spitzer
• WASP-8b: Characterization of a Cool and Eccentric Exoplanet with Spitzer
• Thermal Emission of WASP-14b Revealed with Three Spitzer Eclipses
• The GTC exoplanet transit spectroscopy survey I: OSIRIS transmission spectroscopy of the short period planet WASP-43b
• Broad-band transmission spectrum and K-band thermal emission of WASP-43b as observed from the ground
• The Possible Orbital Decay and Transit Timing Variations of the Planet WASP-43b
• Six High-Precision Transits of OGLE-TR-113b
• Ruling out the orbital decay of the WASP-43b
• Ground-based detections of thermal emission from the dense hot Jupiter WASP-43b in H and Ks-bands
• Multi-filter transit observations of WASP-39b and WASP-43b with three San Pedro Mártir telescopes
• Benchmark Tests for Markov Chain Monte Carlo Fitting of Exoplanet Eclipse Observations

Cited by in corpus (127)

• An ultrahot gas-giant exoplanet with a stratosphere
• Aerosol Composition of Hot Giant Exoplanets Dominated by Silicates and Hydrocarbon Hazes
• Mass-Metallicity Trends in Transiting Exoplanets from Atmospheric Abundances of H${}_2$O, Na, and K
• Global Climate and Atmospheric Composition of the Ultra-Hot Jupiter WASP-103b from HST and Spitzer Phase Curve Observations
• TauREx III: A fast, dynamic and extendable framework for retrievals
• The ExoMolOP Database: Cross-sections and k-tables for Molecules of Interest in High-Temperature Exoplanet Atmospheres
• The Atmospheric Circulation of Ultra-hot Jupiters
• A framework to combine low- and high-resolution spectroscopy for the atmospheres of transiting exoplanets
• The cloudy shape of hot Jupiter thermal phase curves
• The Transiting Exoplanet Community Early Release Science Program for JWST
• Hot Jupiters: Origins, Structure, Atmospheres
• Atmospheric Dynamics of Hot Giant Planets and Brown Dwarfs
• Formation of Silicate and Titanium Clouds on Hot Jupiters
• Climate of an Ultra hot Jupiter: Spectroscopic phase curve of WASP-18b with HST/WFC3
• Retrieval of Exoplanet Emission Spectra with HyDRA
• Phase curves of WASP-33b and HD 149026b and a New Correlation Between Phase Curve Offset and Irradiation Temperature
• Simulating the cloudy atmospheres of HD 209458 b and HD 189733 b with the 3D Met Office Unified Model
• TESS Transit Timing of Hundreds of Hot Jupiters
• Spitzer Phase Curves of KELT-1b and the Signatures of Nightside Clouds in Thermal Phase Observations
• Sedimentation Efficiency of Condensation Clouds in Substellar Atmospheres
• A HST/WFC3 Thermal Emission Spectrum of the Hot Jupiter HAT-P-7b
• Atmospheric Regimes and Trends on Exoplanets and Brown Dwarfs
• Statistical Characterization of Hot Jupiter Atmospheres using Spitzer's Secondary Eclipses
• Five key exoplanet questions answered via the analysis of 25 hot Jupiter atmospheres in eclipse
• Statistical Analysis of Hubble/WFC3 Transit Spectroscopy of Extrasolar Planets
• The continuing search for evidence of tidal orbital decay of hot Jupiters
• Understanding and Mitigating Biases when Studying Inhomogeneous Emission Spectra with JWST
• Clouds in Three-Dimensional Models of Hot Jupiters Over a Wide Range of Temperatures I: Thermal Structures and Broadband Phase Curve Predictions
• Revisiting the Phase Curves of WASP-43b: Confronting Reanalyzed Spitzer Data with Cloudy Atmospheres
• Uniformly hot nightside temperatures on short-period gas giants
• 2.5-D retrieval of atmospheric properties from exoplanet phase curves: Application to WASP-43b observations
• Detection of a Westward Hotspot Offset in the Atmosphere of a Hot Gas Giant CoRoT-2b
• Evidence for H${}_2$ Dissociation and Recombination Heat Transport in the Atmosphere of KELT-9b
• Equatorial anti-rotating day side wind flow in WASP-43b elicited by deep wind jets?
• Modeled Temperature-Dependent Clouds with Radiative Feedback in Hot Jupiter Atmospheres
• The Effect of 3D Transport-Induced Disequilibrium Carbon Chemistry on the Atmospheric Structure and Phase Curves and Emission Spectra of Hot Jupiter HD 189733b
• Mass Loss from the Exoplanet WASP-12b Inferred from $\text{Spitzer}$ Phase Curves
• Global-mean Vertical Tracer Mixing in Planetary Atmospheres II: Tidally Locked Planets
• Systematic Phase Curve Study of Known Transiting Systems from Year 1 of the TESS Mission
• A Comprehensive Reanalysis of $\text{Spitzer}$'s 4.5 $\mu$m Phase Curves, and the Phase Variations of the Ultra-hot Jupiters MASCARA-1b and KELT-16b
• An Observational Diagnostic for Distinguishing Between Clouds and Haze in Hot Exoplanet Atmospheres
• Exonephology: Transmission spectra from a 3D simulated cloudy atmosphere of HD209458b
• The Pyrat Bay Framework for Exoplanet Atmospheric Modeling: A Population Study of Hubble/WFC3 Transmission Spectra
• Cloud property trends in hot and ultra-hot giant gas planets (WASP-43b, WASP-103b, WASP-121b, HAT-P-7b, and WASP-18b)
• Visible-light Phase Curves from the Second Year of the TESS Primary Mission
• Modeling the effects of inhomogeneous aerosols on the hot Jupiter Kepler-7b's atmospheric circulation
• A comparison of chemical models of exoplanet atmospheres enabled by TauREx 3.1
• Phase Offsets and the Energy Budgets of Hot Jupiters
• On Atmospheric Retrievals of Exoplanets with Inhomogeneous Terminators
• The Ariel Target List: The Impact of TESS and the Potential for Characterising Multiple Planets Within a System
• The Hubble PanCET program: Transit and Eclipse Spectroscopy of the Strongly Irradiated Giant Exoplanet WASP-76b
• Exoplanet phase curves: observations and theory
• Revisiting the Energy Budget of WASP-43b: Enhanced day-night heat transport
• 2D Retrieval Frameworks for Hot Jupiter Phase Curves
• On the Application of Bayesian Leave-One-Out Cross-Validation to Exoplanet Atmospheric Analysis
• Constraining Hot Jupiter Atmospheric Structure and Dynamics through Doppler Shifted Emission Spectra
• Exoplanet Atmosphere Measurements from Transmission Spectroscopy and other Planet-Star Combined Light Observations
• Mineral cloud and hydrocarbon haze particles in the atmosphere of the hot Jupiter JWST target WASP-43b
• The HST PanCET Program: Hints of Na I & Evidence of a Cloudy Atmosphere for the Inflated Hot Jupiter WASP-52b
• An independent analysis of the Spitzer/IRAC phase curves of WASP43 b
• Introducing a New Spitzer Master BLISS Map to Remove the Instrument-Systematic -- Phase-Curve-Parameter Degeneracy, as Demonstrated by a Reanalysis of the 4.5$\mu m$ WASP-43b Phase Curve
• A Universal Cloud Composition on the Nightsides of Hot Jupiters
• Exoplanet atmosphere retrievals in 3D using phase curve data with ARCiS: application to WASP-43b
• Exoplanet weather and climate regimes with clouds and thermal ionospheres: A model grid study in support of large-scale observational campaigns
• Phase Curves of Hot Neptune LTT 9779b Suggest a High-Metallicity Atmosphere
• A New Analysis of 8 Spitzer Phase Curves and Hot Jupiter Population Trends: Qatar-1b, Qatar-2b, WASP-52b, WASP-34b, and WASP-140b
• Aluminium oxide in the atmosphere of hot Jupiter WASP-43b
• Aura-3D: A Three-dimensional Atmospheric Retrieval Framework for Exoplanet Transmission Spectra
• Disentangling Hot Jupiters formation location from their chemical composition
• Wavelength Does Not Equal Pressure: Vertical Contribution Functions and their Implications for Mapping Hot Jupiters
• Is the atmosphere of the ultra-hot Jupiter WASP-121b variable?
• KELT-11 b: Abundances of water and constraints on carbon-bearing molecules from the Hubble transmission spectrum
• An exploration of model degeneracies with a unified phase curve retrieval analysis: The light and dark sides of WASP-43 b
• The Exoplanet Perspective on Future Ice Giant Exploration
• Phase curve pollution of exoplanet transmission spectra
• How Does Thermal Scattering Shape the Infrared Spectra of Cloudy Exoplanets? A Theoretical Framework and Consequences for Atmospheric Retrievals in the JWST era
• Retrieval of the dayside atmosphere of WASP-43b with CRIRES+
• TauREx3 PhaseCurve: A 1.5D model for phase curve description
• The phase curve and the geometric albedo of WASP-43b measured with CHEOPS, TESS and HST WFC3/UVIS
• Modeling the high-resolution emission spectra of clear and cloudy non-transiting hot Jupiters
• Signatures of Clouds in Hot Jupiter Atmospheres: Modeled High Resolution Emission Spectra from 3D General Circulation Models
• Characterization of Exoplanets: Secondary Eclipses
• A new approach to spectroscopic phase curves: The emission spectrum of WASP-12b observed in quadrature with HST/WFC3
• On spectroscopic phase-curve retrievals: H2 dissociation and thermal inversion in the atmosphere of the ultra-hot Jupiter WASP-103 b
• The Dark World: A Tale of WASP-43b in Reflected Light with HST WFC3/UVIS
• A New Method For Studying Exoplanet Atmospheres Using Planetary Infrared Excess
• A Lack of Variability Between Repeated Spitzer Phase Curves of WASP-43b
• Constraining Exoplanet Metallicities and Aerosols with ARIEL: An Independent Study by the Contribution to ARIEL Spectroscopy of Exoplanets (CASE) Team
• Smaller than expected bright-spot offsets in Spitzer phase curves of the hot Jupiter Qatar-1b
• Emergent Spectral Fluxes of Hot Jupiters: an Abrupt Rise in Day Side Brightness Temperature Under Strong Irradiation
• Investigation of an orbital decay and global modeling of the planet WASP-43 b
• The transmission spectrum of WASP-17 b from the optical to the near-infrared wavelengths: combining STIS, WFC3 and IRAC datasets
• The THOR+HELIOS general circulation model: multi-wavelength radiative transfer with accurate scattering by clouds/hazes
• How to Characterize the Atmosphere of a Transiting Exoplanet
• Estimating dayside effective temperatures of hot Jupiters and associated uncertainties through Gaussian process regression
• Spitzer thermal phase curve of WASP-121 b
• Longitudinally Resolved Spectral Retrieval (ReSpect) of WASP-43b
• Coupled Day-Night Models of Exoplanetary Atmospheres
• Constraints on TESS albedos for five hot Jupiters
• Thermal Phase Curves of XO-3b: an Eccentric Hot Jupiter at the Deuterium Burning Limit
• Water observed in the atmosphere of τ Bootis Ab with CARMENES/CAHA
• Is the orbit of the exoplanet WASP-43b really decaying? TESS and MuSCAT2 observations confirm no detection
• Colour-magnitude diagrams of transiting Exoplanets -- III. A public code, nine strange planets, and the role of Phosphine
• Characterizing WASP-43b's interior structure: unveiling tidal decay and apsidal motion
• Recovering the colour-dependent albedo of exoplanets with high-resolution spectroscopy: from ESPRESSO to the ELT
• Seasonal Changes in the Atmosphere of HD 80606b Observed with JWST's NIRSpec/G395H
• Another look at the dayside spectra of WASP-43b and HD 209458b: are there scattering clouds?
• Reassessing Exoplanet Light Curves with a Thermal Model
• The Effect of Metallicity on the Non-Equilibrium Abundance of Hydrogen Dominated Exoplanet Atmosphere
• Hotter Than Expected: HST/WFC3 Phase-resolved Spectroscopy of a Rare Irradiated Brown Dwarf with Strong Internal Heat Flux
• ARES VI: Viability of one-dimensional retrieval models for transmission spectroscopy characterization of exo-atmospheres in the era of JWST and Ariel
• Horizontal and vertical exoplanet thermal structure from a JWST spectroscopic eclipse map
• Is binning always sinning? The impact of time-averaging for exoplanet phase curves
• Lessons from Hubble and Spitzer: 1D Self-Consistent Model Grids for 19 Hot Jupiter Emission Spectra
• Generic Models for Disk-Resolved and Disk-Integrated Phase Dependent Linear Polarization of Light Reflected from Exoplanets
• Reflected-light Phase Curves with PICASO: A Kepler-7b Case Study
• Atmospheric characterization of hot Jupiters using hierarchical models of Spitzer observations
• Spitzer phase curve observations and circulation models of the inflated ultra-hot Jupiter WASP-76b
• The role of host star variability in the detectability of planetary phase curves
• From Global Climate Models (GCMs) to Exoplanet Spectra with the Global Emission Spectra (GlobES)
• The Science Case for an Extended Spitzer Mission
• Global Chemistry and Thermal Structure Models for the Hot Jupiter WASP-43b and Predictions for JWST
• A Measurement of the Water Abundance in the Atmosphere of the Hot Jupiter WASP-43b with High-resolution Cross-correlation Spectroscopy
• Atmospheric Signatures of Common Envelope Evolution in White Dwarf Planets
• GCM-Motivated Multidimensional Temperature Parametrization Scheme for Phasecurve Retrieval
• Cloudy and Cloud-free Thermal Phase Curves with PICASO: Applications to WASP-43b
• Comparing Results from Two Uniform Phase Curve Surveys