From Global Climate Models (GCMs) to Exoplanet Spectra with the Global Emission Spectra (GlobES)
arXiv:2507.09048 · doi:10.1016/j.ascom.2025.100982
Abstract
In the quest to understand the climates and atmospheres of exoplanets, 3D global climate models (GCMs) have become indispensable. The ability of GCMs to predict atmospheric conditions complements exoplanet observations, creating a feedback loop that enhances our understanding of exoplanetary atmospheres and their environments. This paper discusses the capabilities of the Global Exoplanet Spectra (GlobES) module of the Planetary Spectrum Generator (PSG), which incorporates 3D atmospheric and surface information into spectral simulations, offering a free, accessible tool for the scientific community to study realistic planetary atmospheres. Through detailed case studies, including simulations of TRAPPIST1 b, TRAPPIST-1 e, and Earth around Sun, this paper demonstrates the use of GlobES and its effectiveness in simulating transit, emission and reflected spectra, thus supporting the ongoing development and refinement of observational strategies using the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) and future mission concept studies (e.g., Habitable Worlds Observatory [HWO]) in exoplanet research.
References in corpus (66)
- Habitable Zones Around Main-Sequence Stars: New Estimates
- Detection of an Extrasolar Planet Atmosphere
- Clouds in the atmosphere of the super-Earth exoplanet GJ 1214b
- A map of the day-night contrast of the extrasolar planet HD 189733b
- Exoplanet Biosignatures: A Review of Remotely Detectable Signs of Life
- Global modelling of the early Martian climate under a denser CO2 atmosphere: Water cycle and ice evolution
- From thermal dissociation to condensation in the atmospheres of ultra hot Jupiters: WASP-121b in context
- Increased insolation threshold for runaway greenhouse processes on Earth like planets
- Planetary Spectrum Generator: an accurate online radiative transfer suite for atmospheres, comets, small bodies and exoplanets
- Early Release Science of the exoplanet WASP-39b with JWST NIRSpec PRISM
- Transmission Spectra of Three-Dimensional Hot Jupiter Model Atmospheres
- The habitability of Proxima Centauri b II. Possible climates and Observability
- Combining high-dispersion spectroscopy (HDS) with high contrast imaging (HCI): Probing rocky planets around our nearest neighbors
- Thermal emission from the Earth-sized exoplanet TRAPPIST-1 b using JWST
- Gliese 581d is the first discovered terrestrial-mass exoplanet in the habitable zone
- Comparison of "warm and wet" and "cold and icy" scenarios for early Mars in a 3D climate model
- The Influence of Non-Uniform Cloud Cover on Transit Transmission Spectra
- VULCAN: an Open-Source, Validated Chemical Kinetics Python Code for Exoplanetary Atmospheres
- No thick carbon dioxide atmosphere on the rocky exoplanet TRAPPIST-1 c
- Modelling climate diversity, tidal dynamics and the fate of volatiles on TRAPPIST-1 planets
- High Tide or Riptide on the Cosmic Shoreline? A Water-Rich Atmosphere or Stellar Contamination for the Warm Super-Earth GJ~486b from JWST Observations
- Spitzer Phase Curve Constraints for WASP-43b at 3.6 and 4.5 microns
- The JWST Early Release Science Program for Direct Observations of Exoplanetary Systems II: A 1 to 20 Micron Spectrum of the Planetary-Mass Companion VHS 1256-1257 b
- Atmospheric characterization of Proxima b by coupling the Sphere high-contrast imager to the Espresso spectrograph
- Atmospheric Reconnaissance of TRAPPIST-1 b with JWST/NIRISS: Evidence for Strong Stellar Contamination in the Transmission Spectra
- A reflective, metal-rich atmosphere for GJ 1214b from its JWST phase curve
- Evolved Climates and Observational Discriminants for the TRAPPIST-1 Planetary System
- A broadband thermal emission spectrum of the ultra-hot Jupiter WASP-18b
- Day-night cloud asymmetry prevents early oceans on Venus but not on Earth
- Impact of Clouds and Hazes on the Simulated JWST Transmission Spectra of Habitable Zone Planets in the TRAPPIST-1 System
- Resolving Orbital and Climate Keys of Earth and Extraterrestrial Environments with Dynamics 1.0: A General Circulation Model for Simulating the Climates of Rocky Planets
- 3D modeling of GJ1214b's atmosphere: formation of inhomogeneous high clouds and observational implications
- Photometric and Spectral Signatures of 3D Models of Transiting Giant Exoplanets
- Effects of a fully 3D atmospheric structure on exoplanet transmission spectra: retrieval biases due to day-night temperature gradients
- Persistence of Flare-Driven Atmospheric Chemistry on Rocky Habitable Zone Worlds
- The Impact of Non-Uniform Thermal Structure on the Interpretation of Exoplanet Emission Spectra
- 3D modeling of GJ1214b's atmosphere: vertical mixing driven by an anti-Hadley circulation
- Deciphering the Atmospheric Composition of WASP-12b: A Comprehensive Analysis of its Dayside Emission
- Impact of atmospheric refraction: How deeply can we probe exo-Earth's atmospheres during primary eclipse observations?
- The LUVOIR Mission Concept Study Final Report
- Simulating the cloudy atmospheres of HD 209458 b and HD 189733 b with the 3D Met Office Unified Model
- Constraints on Climate and Habitability for Earth-like Exoplanets Determined from a General Circulation Model
- The atmospheric circulation and climate of terrestrial planets orbiting Sun-like and M-dwarf stars over a broad range of planetary parameters
- POSEIDON: A Multidimensional Atmospheric Retrieval Code for Exoplanet Spectra
- Transmission spectrum of Earth as a transiting exoplanet - from the ultraviolet to the near-infrared
- The TRAPPIST-1 Habitable Atmosphere Intercomparison (THAI). Part II: Moist Cases -- The Two Waterworlds
- Clouds will likely prevent the detection of water vapor in JWST transmission spectra of terrestrial exoplanets
- The Implications of 3D Thermal Structure on 1D Atmospheric Retrieval
- The TRAPPIST-1 Habitable Atmosphere Intercomparison (THAI). Part III: Simulated Observables -- The return of the spectrum
- The Habitable Exoplanet Observatory (HabEx) Mission Concept Study Interim Report
- Habitability and Spectroscopic Observability of Warm M-dwarf Exoplanets Evaluated with a 3D Chemistry-Climate Model
- A Conceptual Introduction to Markov Chain Monte Carlo Methods
- 3D Modelling of the climatic impact of outflow channel formation events on Early Mars
- The Impact of Circumplantary Jets on Transit Spectra and Timing Offsets for Hot-Jupiters
- Phase Curves of Hot Neptune LTT 9779b Suggest a High-Metallicity Atmosphere
- Water Condensation Zones around Main Sequence Stars
- The First Habitable Zone Earth-sized Planet from TESS. III: Climate States and Characterization Prospects for TOI-700 d
- Simulated Phase-dependent Spectra of Terrestrial Aquaplanets in M Dwarf Systems
- Water Ice Cloud Variability & Multi-Epoch Transmission Spectra of TRAPPIST-1e
- The impact of time-dependent stellar activity on exoplanet atmospheres
- Clouds form on the hot Saturn JWST ERO target WASP-96b
- MCMCI: A code to fully characterise an exoplanetary system
- 3D simulations of the Archean Earth including photochemical haze profiles
- MIRECLE: Science Yield for a Mid-IR Explorer-Class Mission to Study Non-Transiting Rocky Planets Orbiting the Nearest M-Stars Using Planetary Infrared Excess
- The pale blue dot: using the Planetary Spectrum Generator to simulate signals from hyper realistic exo-Earths
- 3D Global climate model of an exo-Venus: a modern Venus-like atmosphere for the nearby super-Earth LP 890-9 c