Pulsational instability of pre-main sequence models from accreting protostars. I. Constraining the input physics for accretion with spectroscopic parameters and stellar pulsations

Abstract

Context: The pre-main sequence evolution is often simplified by choosing classical initial models. These have large initial radii and sufficient uniform contraction to make them fully convective. Contrary to that, real stars are born as small protostellar seeds in collapsing molecular clouds and obtain their final mass by means of accretion. Aims: We aim to constrain the input physics of accretion on protostellar seeds with observed spectroscopic parameters and stellar pulsations of young stellar objects and pre-main sequence stars. Methods: We conducted a literature search for spectroscopic samples of young stellar objects and pre-main sequence stars including all previously known pulsators. The sample size of pulsating pre-main sequence stars is increased by analysing TESS observations and presenting discoveries in CoRoT data. We employ MESA and GYRE to calculate evolutionary tracks of accreting protostellar seeds in a constant accretion scenario, the subsequent pre-main sequence evolution, and their pulsation properties. The results are then compared with observations to constrain the input physics. Results: We discuss 16 formerly unknown pulsating pre-main sequence stars and candidates that are either of SPB, $\delta$ Scuti,$\gamma$ Doradus or $\delta$ Scuti - $\gamma$ Doradus hybrid type. We find that evolutionary tracks with a mass accretion rate of $5\times 10^{-6}{M}_{\odot }/\mathrm{yr}$ and fraction of injected accretion energy of $\beta =0.1$ provide the best results in enveloping the spectroscopic parameters of pre-main sequence stars in a constant accretion scenario. The calculated instability regions constrain the atmospheric boundary conditions to Eddington Gray atmospheres; we discuss the future potential for additional constraints by instability regions that are dependent on radial order. We present a possible candidate for pulsations in M-type young stellar objects.

arXiv comment21 pages plus 12 for the appendix, 17 figures plus 27 for the appendix, accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysics

References in corpus (96)

• SciPy 1.0--Fundamental Algorithms for Scientific Computing in Python
• Astropy: A Community Python Package for Astronomy
• The NumPy array: a structure for efficient numerical computation
• The chemical composition of the Sun
• The Gaia mission
• Modules for Experiments in Stellar Astrophysics (MESA)
• Binary companions of evolved stars in APOGEE DR14: Search method and catalog of ~5,000 companions
• Modules for Experiments in Stellar Astrophysics (MESA): Giant Planets, Oscillations, Rotation, and Massive Stars
• Modules for Experiments in Stellar Astrophysics (MESA): Binaries, Pulsations, and Explosions
• Modules for Experiments in Stellar Astrophysics (MESA): Convective Boundaries, Element Diffusion, and Massive Star Explosions
• Modules for Experiments in Stellar Astrophysics (MESA): Pulsating Variable Stars, Rotation, Convective Boundaries, and Energy Conservation
• Low Temperature Opacities
• Astrophysics Source Code Library
• Kepler Mission Design, Realized Photometric Performance, and Early Science
• The Limiting Effects of Dust in Brown Dwarf Model Atmospheres
• The CoRoT satellite in flight : description and performance
• The TESS Input Catalog and Candidate Target List
• Shell-model calculations of stellar weak interaction rates: II. Weak rates for nuclei in the mass range A=45-65 in supernovae environment
• A Census of the Young Cluster IC 348
• Approximate input physics for stellar modelling
• GYRE: An open-source stellar oscillation code based on a new Magnus Multiple Shooting Scheme
• Line and Mean Opacities for Ultracool Dwarfs and Extrasolar Planets
• Updated Electron-Conduction Opacities: The Impact on Low-Mass Stellar Models
• Present-day cosmic abundances. A comprehensive study of nearby early B-type stars and implications for stellar and Galactic evolution and interstellar dust models
• Spectroscopy Made Easy: Evolution
• Probing the interior physics of stars through asteroseismology
• On the theory of disc photoevaporation
• The burst mode of accretion and disk fragmentation in the early embedded stages of star formation
• Protoplanetary disc evolution and dispersal: the implications of X-ray photoevaportion
• A high-resolution spectropolarimetric survey of Herbig Ae/Be stars - I. Observations and measurements
• Planetary nebulae seen with TESS: Discovery of new binary central star candidates from Cycle 1
• Thermodynamic functions of dense plasmas: analytic approximations for astrophysical applications
• Episodic accretion at early stages of evolution of low mass stars and brown dwarfs: a solution for the observed luminosity spread in HR diagrams?
• A spectroscopic survey of Herbig Ae/Be stars with X-Shooter I: Stellar parameters and accretion rates
• A Census of the Chamaeleon I Star-Forming Region
• Effect of episodic accretion on the structure and the lithium depletion of low-mass stars and planet-hosting stars
• Variable protostellar accretion with episodic bursts
• Angular momentum transport by heat-driven g-modes in slowly pulsating B stars
• Coulomb tunneling for fusion reactions in dense matter: Path integral Monte Carlo versus mean field
• General Cosmography Model with Spatial Curvature
• {\em Gaia}-derived luminosities of {\em Kepler} A/F stars and the pulsator fraction across the δ Scuti instability strip
• Observed luminosity spread in young clusters and Fu Ori stars: a unified picture
• First grids of low-mass stellar models and isochrones with self-consistent treatment of rotation : From 0.2 to 1.5 M_\odot at 7 metallicities from PMS to TAMS
• On the Reliability of Stellar Ages and Age Spreads Inferred from Pre-Main Sequence Evolutionary Models
• Heartbeat Stars, Tidally Excited Oscillations, and Resonance Locking
• Young Stellar Groups and Their Most Massive Stars
• The statistical properties of stars and their dependence on metallicity
• IN-SYNC IV - The Young Stellar Population in the Orion A Molecular Cloud
• The Instability Strip for Pre--Main-Sequence Stars
• Forward asteroseismic modeling of stars with a convective core from gravity-mode oscillations: parameter estimation and stellar model selection
• X-Shooter spectroscopy of young stellar objects in Lupus. Atmospheric parameters, membership and activity diagnostics
• A Multiplicity Census of Young Stars in Chamaeleon I
• An examination of some characteristics of Kepler Short and Long Cadence Data
• Catalogue of new Herbig Ae/Be and classical Be stars. A machine learning approach to Gaia DR2
• Gravity-mode period spacings and near-core rotation rates of 611 $\gamma$ Doradus stars with \textit{Kepler}
• Tidally Trapped Pulsations in a close binary star system discovered by TESS
• Echography of young stars reveals their evolution
• Revisiting the pre-main-sequence evolution of stars I. Importance of accretion efficiency and deuterium abundance
• A precise asteroseismic age and metallicity for HD 139614: a pre-main-sequence star with a protoplanetary disc in Upper-Centaurus Lupus
• Probing the shape of the mixing profile and of the thermal structure at the convective core boundary through asteroseismology
• Evidence for Environmental Dependence of the Upper Stellar Initial Mass Function in Orion A
• The single-sided pulsator CO~Camelopardalis
• An X-ray census of young stars in the Chamaeleon I North cloud
• Explaining the luminosity spread in young clusters: proto and pre-main sequence stellar evolution in a molecular cloud environment
• Comparing the observational instability regions for pulsating pre-main sequence and classical $\delta$ Scuti stars
• Tidally Trapped Pulsations in Binary Stars
• The Gaia-ESO Survey: Calibrating the lithium-age relation with open clusters and associations. I. Cluster age range and initial membership selections
• Distinguishing between different mechanisms of FU-Orionis-type luminosity outbursts
• The effect of accretion on the pre-main-sequence evolution of low-mass stars and brown dwarfs
• Tidally perturbed pulsations in the pre-main sequence $\delta$ Scuti binary RS Cha
• Pulsations in M dwarf stars
• Spitzer Observations of Long Term Infrared Variability Among Young Stellar Objects in Chamaeleon I
• Episodic excursions of low-mass protostars on the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram
• New SPB stars in the field of the young open cluster NGC 2244 discovered by the MOST photometric satellite
• Open clusters: III. Fundamental parameters of B stars in NGC 6087, NGC 6250, NGC 6383 and NGC 6530. B type stars with circumstellar envelopes
• The theoretical instability strip of M dwarf stars
• gamma Doradus pulsation in two pre-main sequence stars discovered by CoRoT
• The Pulsation Properties of $\lambda$ Bootis Stars I. The Southern TESS Sample
• The Stellar Composition of the Star Formation Region CMa R1. II. Spectroscopic and Photometric Observations of 9 Young Stars
• HD 144432: a young triple system
• Theoretical seismic properties of pre-main sequence gamma Doradus pulsators
• CoRoT\,102699796, the first metal-poor Herbig Ae pulsator: a hybrid $\delta$ Sct-$\gamma$ Dor variable?
• A comprehensive study of young B stars in NGC 2264: I. Space photometry and asteroseismology
• The distance to the young cluster NGC 7129 and its age
• Pulsational properties of ten new slowly pulsating B stars
• Discovery of δ Scuti Pulsations in the Young Hybrid Debris Disk Star HD 156623
• Constraining the near-core rotation of the gamma Doradus star 43 Cygni using BRITE-Constellation data
• The potential for super-Nyquist asteroseismology with TESS
• Amplitude Modulation of Short-Timescale Hot Spot Variability
• High Cadence Time-Series Photometry of V1647 Orionis
• Searching for solar-like oscillations in pre-main sequence stars using APOLLO
• uvbybeta photometry of early type open cluster and field stars
• An Asymmetric Eclipse Seen Towards the Pre-Main Sequence Binary System V928 Tau
• Searching for $\delta$ Scuti-type pulsation and characterising northern pre-main-sequence field stars
• Seismic evolution of low/intermediate mass PMS stars
• The potential of space observations for pulsating pre-main sequence stars

Cited by in corpus (16)

• gyre_tides: Modeling binary tides within the gyre stellar oscillation code
• Herbig Stars: A Quarter Century of Progress
• The influence of host star activity evolution on the population of super-Earths and mini-Neptunes
• Asteroseismology of $\delta$ Scuti stars: emulating model grids using a neural network
• Pulsational instability of pre-main-sequence models from accreting protostars II. Modelling echelle diagrams of $\delta$ Scuti stars without rotational splitting
• The imprint of star formation on stellar pulsations
• The influence of metallicity on a combined stellar and disk evolution
• The Pre-main Sequence: Challenges and Prospects for Asteroseismology
• What governs the spin distribution of very young < 1 Myr low mass stars
• Exploring the convective core of the high-amplitude $\delta$ Scuti star TIC 120857354 with asteroseismology
• Modelling $\delta$ Scuti pulsations: A new grid of p, g, and f modes across pre-main-sequence to post-main-sequence evolution
• Statistical analysis of asteroseismic indices and stellar parameters of TESS-observed $\delta$ Scuti stars
• Discovery of new magnetic δ Scuti stars and impact of magnetism on pulsation excitation
• Comprehensive study of five candidate delta Scuti-type pulsators in detached eclipsing binaries
• Spectroscopic and Photometric Behaviour of LP Ori
• Core-envelope coupling of gravito-inertial waves in pre-main-sequence solar-type stars