{\em Gaia}-derived luminosities of {\em Kepler} A/F stars and the pulsator fraction across the δ Scuti instability strip

Abstract

We study the fraction of stars in and around the δ Scuti instability strip that are pulsating, using {\em Gaia} DR2 parallaxes to derive precise luminosities. We classify a sample of over 15,000 {\em Kepler} A and F stars into δ Sct and non-δ Sct stars, paying close attention to variability that could have other origins. We find that 18 per cent of the δ Sct stars have their dominant frequency above the Kepler long-cadence Nyquist frequency (periods < 1 hr), and 30 per cent have some super-Nyquist variability. We analyse the pulsator fraction as a function of effective temperature and luminosity, finding that many stars in the δ Sct instability strip do not pulsate. The pulsator fraction peaks at just over 70 per cent in the middle of the instability strip. The results are insensitive to the amplitude threshold used to identify the pulsators. We define a new empirical instability strip based on the observed pulsator fraction that is systematically hotter than theoretical strips currently in use. The stellar temperatures, luminosities, and pulsation classifications are provided in an online catalogue.

21 pages (main text 11 pages), colour used liberally in figures

References in corpus (17)

• Modules for Experiments in Stellar Astrophysics (MESA)
• Gaia Data Release 1. Summary of the astrometric, photometric, and survey properties
• Gaia Data Release 1: Catalogue validation
• Asteroseismology and Gaia: Testing Scaling Relations Using 2200 Kepler Stars with TGAS Parallaxes
• Asteroseismic measurement of surface-to-core rotation in a main sequence A star, KIC 11145123
• Asteroseismic measurement of slow, nearly-uniform surface-to-core rotation in the main sequence F star KIC 9244992
• A unifying explanation of complex frequency spectra of gamma Dor, SPB and Be stars: combination frequencies and highly non-sinusoidal light curves
• Spectroscopic survey of Kepler stars. I. HERMES/Mercator observations of A- and F-type stars
• Finding binaries from phase modulation of pulsating stars with Kepler: V. Orbital parameters, with eccentricity and mass-ratio distributions of 341 new binaries
• Finding binaries among Kepler pulsating stars from phase modulation of their pulsations
• The role of turbulent pressure as a coherent pulsational driving mechanism: the case of the delta Scuti star HD 187547
• Detecting non-uniform period spacings in the Kepler photometry of gamma Doradus stars: methodology and case studies
• Pulsation versus metallicism in Am stars as revealed by LAMOST and WASP
• 3D Stellar Reddening Map from 2MASS Photometry: An Improved Version
• A search for non-pulsating, chemically normal stars in the $\delta$ Scuti instability strip using Kepler data
• Spectroscopic survey of Kepler stars. II. FIES/NOT observations of A- and F-type stars
• Evolutionary history of four binary blue stragglers from the globular clusters ωCen, M55, 47 Tuc and NGC 6752

Cited by in corpus (105)

• Probing the interior physics of stars through asteroseismology
• Surface rotation and photometric activity for Kepler targets. II. G and F main-sequence stars, and cool subgiant stars
• The first view of $\delta$ Scuti and $\gamma$ Doradus stars with the TESS mission
• Very regular high-frequency pulsation modes in young intermediate-mass stars
• Period spacings of $\gamma$ Doradus pulsators in the \textit{Kepler} field: Rossby and gravity modes in 82 stars
• Rotation of the convective core in $\gamma$ Dor stars measured by dips in period spacings of g modes coupled with inertial modes
• The period-luminosity relation for delta Scuti stars using Gaia DR2 parallaxes
• A precise asteroseismic age and metallicity for HD 139614: a pre-main-sequence star with a protoplanetary disc in Upper-Centaurus Lupus
• Gaia Data Release 3: Pulsations in main sequence OBAF-type stars
• The ASAS-SN Catalog of Variable Stars VI: An All-Sky Sample of $\delta$ Scuti Stars
• The single-sided pulsator CO~Camelopardalis
• Pulsation among TESS A and B stars and the Maia variables
• On the first $\delta$ Sct--roAp hybrid pulsator and the stability of p and g modes in chemically peculiar A/F stars
• KELT-25b and KELT-26b: A Hot Jupiter and a Substellar Companion Transiting Young A-stars Observed by TESS
• Revisiting bright delta Scuti stars and their period-luminosity relation with TESS and Gaia DR3
• Rotation Distributions around the Kraft Break with TESS and Kepler: The Influences of Age, Metallicity, and Binarity
• TESS observations of the Pleiades cluster: a nursery for delta Scuti stars
• TESS Cycle 1 observations of roAp stars with 2-min cadence data
• Periodic variable A-F spectral type stars in the northern TESS continuous viewing zone
• Highlights of Discoveries for $\delta$ Scuti Variable Stars From the Kepler Era
• KIC5950759: a high-amplitude $\delta$ Sct star with amplitude and frequency modulation near the terminal age main sequence
• The Gaia-ESO Survey: detection and characterization of single line spectroscopic binaries
• Confronting sparse Gaia DR3 photometry with TESS for a sample of around 60,000 OBAF-type pulsators
• Classifying Kepler light curves for 12,000 A and F stars using supervised feature-based machine learning
• Five young $\delta$ Scuti stars in the Pleiades seen with Kepler/K2
• Asteroseismology of the young open cluster NGC 2516 I: Photometric and spectroscopic observations
• Observational and Theoretical Studies of 27 $\delta$ Scuti Stars with Investigation of the Period-Luminosity Relation
• A Catalog of RV Variable Star Candidates from LAMOST
• Variability, periodicity and contact binaries in WISE
• Angular momentum transport by magnetic fields in main sequence stars with Gamma Doradus pulsators
• Long period Ap stars discovered with TESS data
• Pulsational instability of pre-main sequence models from accreting protostars. I. Constraining the input physics for accretion with spectroscopic parameters and stellar pulsations
• Determining the seismic age of the young open cluster $\alpha$ Per using $\delta$ Scuti stars
• Six new rapidly oscillating Ap stars in the Kepler long-cadence data using super-Nyquist asteroseismology
• Minute-cadence Observations of the LAMOST Fields with the TMTS: I. Methodology of Detecting Short-period Variables and Results from the first-year Survey
• Mass transfer and tidally tilted pulsation in the Algol-type system TZ Dra
• The Pulsation Properties of $\lambda$ Bootis Stars I. The Southern TESS Sample
• Pulsating B stars in the Scorpius-Centaurus Association with TESS
• Calibrating angular momentum transport in intermediate-mass stars from gravity-mode asteroseismology
• Age-dating the young open cluster UBC 1 with g-mode asteroseismology, gyrochronology, and isochrone fitting
• Forward modeling the orbits of companions to pulsating stars from their light travel time variations
• Observational properties of 155 O- and B-type massive pulsating stars
• TIC 308396022: a $\delta$ Scuti--$\gamma$ Doradus hybrid with large-amplitude radial fundamental mode and regular g-mode period spacing
• Asteroseismology of $\delta$ Scuti stars: emulating model grids using a neural network
• Four bright eclipsing binaries with gamma Doradus pulsating components: CM Lac, MZ Lac, RX Dra and V2077 Cyg
• Rotation and spots in normal A and Am/Fm stars
• Study of the low-order $\Delta \nu$-$\bar{\rho }$ relation for moderately-rotating $\delta$ Scuti stars and its impact on their characterisation
• Clumpiness: Time-domain classification of red-giant evolutionary states
• The imprint of star formation on stellar pulsations
• The Discovery of lambda Bootis Stars -- The Southern Survey II
• Unveiling $\delta$ Scuti and $\gamma$ Doradus Hybrid Pulsation of HD 53166 and HD 53349 Plus Rich Frequencies in HD 52788 -- Catalogs of 70552 $\delta$ Sct and 8080 $\gamma$ Dor
• Multiscale entropy analysis of astronomical time series. Discovering subclusters of hybrid pulsators
• Discovery of Delta Scuti variables in eclipsing binary systems II.Southern TESS field search
• Statistical view of orbital circularisation with 14 000 characterised TESS eclipsing binaries
• Spectroscopy of hot Gamma Doradus and A-F hybrid Kepler candidates close to the hot border of the Delta Scuti instability strip
• Modeling of multimode radially pulsating High-Amplitude Delta Scuti stars from the OGLE Galactic bulge sample
• Rotational modulation in A and F stars: Magnetic stellar spots or convective core rotation?
• Minute-Cadence Observations of the LAMOST Fields with the TMTS: II. Catalogues of Short-Period Variable Stars from the First Two-Year Surveys
• Catalogue of stars measured in the Geneva seven-colour photometric system
• Asteroseismology of two Kepler detached eclipsing binaries
• Short period variability in the globular cluster NGC 419 and the SMC field
• Study of Chemically Peculiar Stars-I : High-resolution Spectroscopy and K2 Photometry of Am Stars in the Region of M44
• HERMES spectroscopy of normal A and Am stars
• V456 Cyg: An eclipsing binary with tidally perturbed g-mode pulsations
• The Swan: Data-Driven Inference of Stellar Surface Gravities for Cool Stars from Photometric Light Curves
• The ESO UVES/FEROS Large Programs of TESS OB pulsators. I. Global stellar parameters from high-resolution spectroscopy
• A segmented period-luminosity relation for nearby extragalactic $\delta$ Scuti stars
• A binary with a $\delta$~Scuti star and an oscillating red giant: orbit and asteroseismology of KIC9773821
• Unresolved Rossby and gravity modes in 214 A and F stars showing rotational modulation
• Identifying 850 delta Scuti pulsators in a narrow Gaia colour range with TESS 10-minute full-frame images
• Mode identification and seismic study of $\delta$ Scuti, the prototype of a class of pulsating stars
• Physical properties of the eclipsing binary KIC 9851944 and analysis of its tidally-perturbed p- and g-mode pulsations
• Periodic variable A-F spectral type stars in the southern TESS continuous viewing zone
• A Homogeneous Catalog of Oscillating Solar-Type Stars Observed by the Kepler Mission and a New Amplitude Scaling Relation Including Chromospheric Activity
• Variability and stellar pulsation incidence in Am/Fm stars using TESS and Gaia data
• Comprehensive analysis of southern eclipsing systems with pulsating components: The cases of HM Pup, V632 Sco and TT Vel
• KIC~8975515: a fast-rotating ($\gamma$ Dor - $\delta$ Sct) hybrid star with Rossby modes and a slower $\delta$ Sct companion in a long-period orbit
• Finding binaries from phase modulation of pulsating stars with \textit{Kepler}: VI. Orbits for 10 new binaries with mischaracterised primaries
• A catalog of new slowly pulsating B-type stars
• Gaia/GSP-spec spectroscopic properties of gamma Doradus pulsators
• Comprehensive spectroscopic and photometric study of pulsating eclipsing binary star AI Hya
• TESS Observations of Seven Newly Identified High-amplitude $\delta$ Scuti Stars
• High-precision photometric and high-resolution spectroscopic characterisation of HD 180347
• Period-Colour and Amplitude-Colour relations for OGLE-$\delta$ Scuti stars in the Galactic Bulge and LMC
• Photometric variability of blue straggler stars in M67 with TESS and K2
• MOCKA -- A PLATO mock asteroseismic catalogue: Simulations for gravity-mode oscillators
• HD 42477: coupled r modes, g modes and a p mode in an A0Vnne star
• Statistical analysis of asteroseismic indices and stellar parameters of TESS-observed $\delta$ Scuti stars
• Distinguishing super-Nyquist frequencies via their temporal variation in $\gamma$ Doradus stars from continuous photometry
• Analysis of KIC 7023917 -- spotted low-mass ratio eclipsing binary with $\delta$ Scuti pulsations
• Probing stellar rotation in the Pleiades with gravity-mode pulsators
• Discovery of new magnetic δ Scuti stars and impact of magnetism on pulsation excitation
• Asteroseismology of sz lyn using multi-band high time resolution photometry from ground and space
• Characterizing bright $\delta$ Scuti pulsators using TESS lightcurves
• Observational Properties of $\beta$ Cephei Stars: 88 new samples discovered Based on TESS and Gaia Data
• Absolute Parameters of Young Stars: NO Puppis
• Analysis of TESS field eclipsing binary star V948 Her: a pulsating or non-pulsating star?
• The unexpected optical and ultraviolet variability of the standard star $\alpha$ Sex (HD 87887)
• Asteroseismology of 35 Kepler and TESS $\delta$ Scuti stars near the red edge of the instability strip. The limitations of $\delta$ Scuti stars for dating open clusters
• A search for transits among the δ Scuti variables in Kepler
• The Directly-Imaged Exoplanet Host Star 51 Eridani is a Gamma Doradus Pulsator
• High-precision K2/TESS Photometry and HERMES Spectroscopy of Four Bright Field Stars
• Determining the incidence rate of magnetic $\delta$ Scuti candidates with CoRoT
• Discovery and Characterization of Three New High-amplitude delta Scuti Stars from TESS Observations
• KIC 3868420: A high-amplitude $\delta$ Scuti-$\gamma$ Dor hybrid star crossing the Hertzsprung gap