MINDS: JWST/NIRCam imaging of the protoplanetary disk PDS 70

Abstract

Context. Two protoplanets have recently been discovered within the PDS 70 protoplanetary disk. JWST/NIRCam offers a unique opportunity to characterize them and their birth environment at wavelengths difficult to access from the ground. Aims. We aim to image the circumstellar environment of PDS 70 at 1.87 $\mu$m and 4.83 $\mu$m, assess the presence of Pa-$\alpha$ emission due to accretion onto the protoplanets, and probe any IR excess indicative of heated circumplanetary material. Methods. We obtain non-coronagraphic JWST/NIRCam images of PDS 70 within the MINDS (MIRI mid-INfrared Disk Survey) program. We leverage the Vortex Image Processing (VIP) package for data reduction, and develop dedicated routines for optimal stellar PSF subtraction, unbiased imaging of the disk, and protoplanet flux measurement in this type of dataset. A radiative transfer model of the disk is used to disentangle the contributions from the disk and the protoplanets. Results. We re-detect both protoplanets and identify extended emission after subtracting a disk model, including a large-scale spiral-like feature. We interpret its signal in the direct vicinity of planet c as tracing the accretion stream feeding its circumplanetary disk, while the outer part of the feature may rather reflect asymmetric illumination of the outer disk. We also report a bright signal consistent with a previously proposed protoplanet candidate enshrouded in dust, near the 1:2:4 mean-motion resonance with planets b and c. The 1.87 $\mu$m flux of planet b is consistent with atmospheric model predictions, but not that of planet c. We discuss potential origins for this discrepancy, including significant Pa-$\alpha$ line emission. The 4.83 $\mu$m fluxes of planets b and c suggest enshrouding dust or heated CO emission from their circumplanetary environment.

6+11 pages, 3+10 figures (text+appendix). Accepted for publication in A&A v1: Version accepted for publication in A&A. v2: Tables 1 and C.1 were updated to reflect an erratum on the reported astrometry and photometry of protoplanet candidate d. The original version did not include the results from our best reduction, which corrects for a bias associated with self-subtraction

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Cited by in corpus (15)

• Dust mineralogy and variability of the inner PDS 70 disk
• Three Years of High-Contrast Imaging of the PDS 70 b and c Exoplanets at Hα with MagAO-X: Evidence of Strong Protoplanet Hα Variability and Circumplanetary Dust
• Evidence for Variable Accretion onto PDS 70 c and Implications for Protoplanet Detections
• Constraints on PDS 70 b and c from the dust continuum emission of the circumplanetary discs considering in situ dust evolution
• Differentiating Formation Models with New Dynamical Masses for the PDS 70 Protoplanets
• Keplerian motion of a compact source orbiting the inner disc of PDS 70: a third protoplanet in resonance with b and c?
• Multi-frequency observations of PDS 70c: Radio emission mechanisms in the circum-planetary environment
• JWST/MIRI observations of the young TWA 27 system: hydrocarbon disk chemistry, silicate clouds, evidence for a CPD
• On the origin of transition disk cavities: Pebble-accreting protoplanets vs Super-Jupiters
• JWST captures a sudden stellar outburst and inner disk wall destruction
• Astrometric view of companions in the inner dust cavities of protoplanetary disks
• Resurgence of CO in a warm bubble around accreting protoplanets and its observability
• The influence of dust growth on the observational properties of circumplanetary discs
• Potential sublimating exocomets around the young star PDS 70
• Interpreting ALMA Multiwavelength Continuum Observations of PDS 70 c: An Optically Thick Dust Ring in the Circumplanetary Disk