Observability of Forming Planets and their Circumplanetary Disks IV. -- with JWST & ELT

Abstract

To understand the potential for observing forming planets and their circumplanetary disks (CPDs) with JWST and ELT, we created mock observations from 3D radiative hydrodynamic simulations and radiative transfer post-processing for planets with 10, 5, 1 Jupiter and 1 Saturn masses with orbital separation of 50 and 30 AU in 0${}^{\circ }$, 30${}^{\circ }$ and 60${}^{\circ }$ inclinations. Instrumental effects were then simulated with Mirage for JWST/NIRCam and NIRISS, MIRISim for JWST/MIRI and SimCADO & SimMETIS for ELT/MICADO and METIS. We found that the longer wavelengths (mid-IR and beyond) are the best to detect CPDs. Longer is the wavelength, the smaller mass planet's CPD could be detected. MIRI on JWST and METIS on ELT offers the best possibility on these telescopes. Specifically, below 3 $\mu$m, only 10 $M_{\mathrm{Jup}}$ planets with their CPDs are detectable with NIRCam and MICADO. 5 $M_{\mathrm{Jup}}$ planets are only detectable if at 30 AU (i.e. closer) orbital separation. Planets above 5 $M_{\mathrm{Jup}}$ with their CPDs are detectable between 3-5 $\mu$m with NIRCam and METIS L/M band, or above 10 $\mu$m with MIRI and METIS N band. For $\le$ 1 $M_{\mathrm{Jup}}$ planets > 15 $\mu$m are needed, where MIRI uniquely offers imaging capability. We present magnitudes and spectral energy distributions for separate components of the planet+CPD+CSD system, to differentiate the extinction rates of CPDs and CSDs and to provide predictions for observational proposals. Because the CPD turns out to be the main absorber of the planet's emission, especially <10 $\mu$m, this makes the detection of forming planets quite challenging.

arXiv comment24 pages, 24 figures, 5 tables. Accepted in MNRAS

References in corpus (47)

• The James Webb Space Telescope
• Using FU Orionis Outbursts to Constrain Self-Regulated Protostellar Disk Models
• Discovery of a planetary-mass companion within the gap of the transition disk around PDS 70
• Two accreting protoplanets around the young star PDS 70
• The Mid-Infrared Instrument for the James Webb Space Telescope I: Introduction
• The Disk Substructures at High Angular Resolution Project (DSHARP): VII. The Planet-Disk Interactions Interpretation
• LkCa 15: A Young Exoplanet Caught at Formation?
• Accreting Protoplanets in the LkCa 15 Transition Disk
• Observational Signatures of Planets in Protoplanetary Disks I: Gaps Opened by Single and Multiple Young Planets in Disks
• Orbital and atmospheric characterization of the planet within the gap of the PDS 70 transition disk
• A Circumplanetary Disk Around PDS70c
• Distribution of Accreting Gas and Angular Momentum onto Circumplanetary Disks
• Accretion of Jupiter-mass Planets in the Limit of Vanishing Viscosity
• Submillimeter emission associated with candidate protoplanets
• Accreting Circumplanetary Disks: Observational Signatures
• Discovery of a Companion Candidate in the HD169142 Transition Disk and the Possibility of Multiple Planet Formation
• Magellan Adaptive Optics Imaging of PDS 70: Measuring the Mass Accretion Rate of a Young Giant Planet within a Gapped Disk
• Radiation hydrodynamics with Adaptive Mesh Refinement and application to prestellar core collapse. I Methods
• Circumplanetary disk or circumplanetary envelope?
• Planet formation signposts: observability of circumplanetary disks via gas kinematics
• An Enigmatic Pointlike Feature within the HD 169142 Transitional Disk
• Imaging diagnostics for transitional discs
• Spiral Arms in Gravitationally Unstable Protoplanetary Disks as Imaged in Scattered Light
• No Clear, Direct Evidence for Multiple Protoplanets Orbiting LkCa 15: LkCa 15 bcd are Likely Inner Disk Signals
• Imaging the Inner and Outer Gaps of the Pre-Transitional Disk of HD 169142 at 7 mm
• The Mid-Infrared Instrument for the James Webb Space Telescope, V: Predicted Performance of the MIRI Coronagraphs
• Dust trapping by spiral arms in gravitationally unstable protostellar discs
• Evidence for a circumplanetary disk around protoplanet PDS 70 b
• Theoretical Model of Hydrogen Line Emission from Accreting Gas Giants
• How Spirals and Gaps Driven by Companions in Protoplanetary Disks Appear in Scattered Light at Arbitrary Viewing Angles
• Effects of the Planetary Temperature on the Circumplanetary Disk and on the Gap
• Thermodynamics of Giant Planet Formation: Shocking Hot Surfaces on Circumplanetary Disks
• Observability of Forming Planets and their Circumplanetary Disks II. -- SEDs and Near-Infrared Fluxes
• Planet gaps in the dust layer of 3D protoplanetary disks. II. Observability with ALMA
• Scattered light mapping of protoplanetary disks
• Shock-driven Accretion in Circumplanetary Disks: Observables and Satellite Formation
• Comparison of planetary Hα-emission models: A new correlation with accretion luminosity
• Observability of Forming Planets and their Circumplanetary Disks I. -- Parameter Study for ALMA
• Detectability of embedded protoplanets from hydrodynamical simulations
• Hydrogen recombination line luminosities and -variability from forming planets
• Accreting protoplanets: Spectral signatures and magnitude of gas and dust extinction at H alpha
• Observing planet-disk interaction in debris disks
• Spectral Energy Distributions of Accreting Protoplanets
• Spectro-astrometry of the pre-transitional star LkCa 15 does not reveal an accreting planet but extended H$\alpha$ emission
• MIRISim: A Simulator for the Mid-Infrared Instrument on JWST
• Models of the Eta Corvi debris disk from the Keck Interferometer, Spitzer and Herschel
• Direct detection of precursors of gas giants formed by gravitational instability with the Atacama Large Millimetre/sub-millimetre Array

Cited by in corpus (2)

• MINDS: JWST/NIRCam imaging of the protoplanetary disk PDS 70
• JWST/MIRI observations of the young TWA 27 system: hydrocarbon disk chemistry, silicate clouds, evidence for a CPD