A PSF-based Approach to TESS High quality data Of Stellar clusters (PATHOS) -- IV. Candidate exoplanets around stars in open clusters: frequency and age-planetary radius distribution

Abstract

The knowledge of the ages of stars hosting exoplanets allows us to obtain an overview on the evolution of exoplanets and understand the mechanisms affecting their life. The measurement of the ages of stars in the Galaxy is usually affected by large uncertainties. An exception are the stellar clusters: for their coeval members, born from the same molecular cloud, ages can be measured with extreme accuracy. In this context, the project PATHOS is providing candidate exoplanets orbiting members of stellar clusters and associations through the analysis of high-precision light curves obtained with cutting-edge tools. In this work, we exploited the data collected during the second year of the TESS mission. We extracted, analysed, and modelled the light curves of $\sim 90000$ stars in open clusters located in the northern ecliptic hemisphere in order to find candidate exoplanets. We measured the frequencies of candidate exoplanets in open clusters for different orbital periods and planetary radii, taking into account the detection efficiency of our pipeline and the false positive probabilities of our candidates. We analysed the Age--$R_{\mathrm{P}}$ distribution of candidate and confirmed exoplanets with periods $<100$ days and well constrained ages. While no peculiar trends are observed for Jupiter-size and (super-)Earth-size planets, we found that objects with $4R_{\mathrm{Earth}}\lesssim R_{\mathrm{P}}\lesssim 13R_{\mathrm{Earth}}$ are concentrated at ages $\lesssim 200$ Myr; different scenarios (atmospheric losses, migration, etc.) are considered to explain the observed age-$R_{\mathrm{P}}$ distribution.

18 pages, 10 figures, 6 tables. Accepted for publication in MNRAS on May 19, 2021. PATHOS light curves will be soon available at MAST as HLSP at https://archive.stsci.edu/hlsp/pathos or can be requested to the first author

References in corpus (23)

• The Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite
• Dynamical Outcomes of Planet-Planet Scattering
• Atmospheric Escape from Hot Jupiters
• Age determination for 269 $Gaia$ DR2 Open Clusters
• Transit Least Squares: Optimized transit detection algorithm to search for periodic transits of small planets
• A planet within the debris disk around the pre-main-sequence star AU Microscopii
• The Mass of Kepler-93b and The Composition of Terrestrial Planets
• Four newborn planets transiting the young solar analog V1298 Tau
• Zodiacal Exoplanets in Time (ZEIT) IV: seven transiting planets in the Praesepe cluster
• TESS Hunt for Young and Maturing Exoplanets (THYME) II: A 17 Myr Old Transiting Hot Jupiter in the Sco-Cen Association
• Zodiacal Exoplanets in Time (ZEIT) VI: a three-planet system in the Hyades cluster including an Earth-sized planet
• A PSF-based Approach to TESS High quality data Of Stellar clusters (PATHOS) -- I. Search for exoplanets and variable stars in the field of 47 Tuc
• Hydrogen dominated atmospheres on terrestrial mass planets: evidence, origin and evolution
• TESS Hunt for Young and Maturing Exoplanets (THYME) IV: Three small planets orbiting a 120 Myr-old star in the Pisces--Eridanus stream
• A PSF-based Approach to TESS High quality data Of Stellar clusters (PATHOS) -- II. Search for exoplanets in open clusters of the southern ecliptic hemisphere and their frequency
• Prospects for Galactic and stellar astrophysics with asteroseismology of giant stars in the $TESS$ Continuous Viewing Zones and beyond
• TESS Observations of the Luhman 16AB Brown Dwarf System: Rotational Periods, Lightcurve Evolution, and Zonal Circulation
• Constraining the entropy of formation from young transiting planets
• A PSF-based approach to Kepler/K2 data. II. Exoplanet candidates in Praesepe (M 44)
• Variable stars in two open clusters within the Kepler 2-Campaign-0 field: M 35 and NGC 2158
• The GAPS Programme at TNG XXVIII -- A pair of hot-Neptunes orbiting the young star TOI-942
• A PSF-based approach to Kepler/K2 data - III. Search for exoplanets and variable stars within the open cluster M 67 (NGC 2682)
• Nine new open clusters within 500 pc from the Sun

Cited by in corpus (8)

• Gyrochronological dating of the stellar moving group Group X
• The GAPS Programme at TNG XLII. A characterisation study of the multi-planet system around the 400 Myr-old star HD 63433 (TOI-1726)
• New insights into the rotational evolution of near-solar age stars from the open cluster M67
• A Study of Stellar Spins in 15 Open Clusters
• TOI-837 b: characterisation, formation and evolutionary history of an infant warm Saturn-mass planet
• The GAPS Programme at TNG. LXV. Precise density measurement of TOI-1430 b, a young planet with an evaporating atmosphere
• Discovering planets with PLATO: Comparison of algorithms for stellar activity filtering
• YOUNG Star detrending for Transiting Exoplanet Recovery (YOUNGSTER) II: Using Self-Organising Maps to explore young star variability in Sectors 1-13 of TESS data