The GAPS programme at TNG. XLVI. Deep search for low-mass planets in late-dwarf systems hosting cold Jupiters

Abstract

We present the results of a high-cadence and high-precision radial velocity (RV) monitoring of 3 late-type dwarf stars hosting long-period giants with well-measured orbits, in order to search for short-period sub-Neptunes (SN, $M\sin i<30$ M${}_{\oplus }$). Building on the results and expertise of our previous studies, we carry out combined fits of our HARPS-N data with literature RVs, using MCMC analyses and Gaussian Process regression. We then use the results of our survey to estimate the frequency of sub-Neptunes in systems hosting cold-Jupiters, $f(SN|CJ)$, and compare it with the frequency around field M-dwarfs, $f(SN)$. We identify a new short-period low-mass planet orbiting GJ 328, GJ 328\,c, with $P_c=241.8_{-1.7}^{+1.3}$ d and $M_c\sin i=21.4_{-3.2}^{+3.4}$ M${}_{\oplus }$. We moreover identify and model the chromospheric activity signals and rotation periods of GJ 649 and GJ 849, around which no additional planet is found. Then, taking into account also planetary system around the previosuly-analyzed low-mass star BD-11 4672, we derive an estimate of the frequencies of inner planets in such systems. In particular $f(SN|CJ)=0.25_{-0.07}^{+0.58}$ for mini-Neptunes ($10$ M${}_{\oplus }<M\sin i<30$ M${}_{\oplus }$, $P<150$ d), marginally larger than $f(SN)$. For lower-mass planets ($M\sin i<10$ M${}_{\oplus }$) instead $f(SN|CJ)<0.69$, compatible with $f(SN)$. In light of the newly detected mini-Neptune, we find tentative evidence of a positive correlation between the presence of those planets and that of inner low-mass planets, $f(SN|CJ)>f(SN)$. This might indicate that cold Jupiters have an opposite influence in the formation of inner sub-Neptunes around late-type dwarfs as opposed to their solar-type counterparts, boosting the formation of mini-Neptunes instead of impeding it.

21 pages, 17 figures, 8 table. Accepted by A&A

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