Optical and near-infrared stellar activity characterization of the early M dwarf Gl~205 with SOPHIE and SPIRou

Abstract

The stellar activity of M dwarfs is the main limitation for discovering and characterizing exoplanets orbiting them since it induces quasi-periodic RV variations. We aim to characterize the magnetic field and stellar activity of the early, moderately active, M dwarf Gl205 in the optical and nIR domains. We obtained high-precision quasi-simultaneous spectra in the optical and nIR with the SOPHIE spectrograph and SPIRou spectropolarimeter between 2019 and 2022. We computed the RVs from both instruments and the SPIRou Stokes V profiles. We used ZDI to map the large-scale magnetic field over the time span of the observations. We studied the temporal behavior of optical and nIR RVs and activity indicators with the Lomb-Scargle periodogram and a quasi-periodic GP regression. In the nIR, we studied the equivalent width of Al I, Ti I, K I, Fe I, and He I. We modeled the activity-induced RV jitter using a multi-dimensional GP regression with activity indicators as ancillary time series. The optical and nIR RVs have similar scatter but nIR shows a more complex temporal evolution. We observe an evolution of the magnetic field topology from a poloidal dipolar field in 2019 to a dominantly toroidal field in 2022. We measured a stellar rotation period of Prot=34.4$\pm$0.5 d in the longitudinal magnetic field. Using ZDI we measure the amount of latitudinal differential rotation (DR) shearing the stellar surface yielding rotation periods of Peq=32.0$\pm$1.8 d at the stellar equator and Ppol=45.5$\pm$0.3 d at the poles. We observed inconsistencies in the activity indicators' periodicities that could be explained by these DR values. The multi-dimensional GP modeling yields an RMS of the RV residuals down to the noise level of 3 m/s for both instruments, using as ancillary time series H$\alpha$ and the BIS in the optical, and the FWHM in the nIR.

41 pages, 24 figures. Accepted for publication in A&A. Improved quality of figures and reduced size of Appendix

References in corpus (70)

• The generalised Lomb-Scargle periodogram. A new formalism for the floating-mean and Keplerian periodograms
• New evolutionary models for pre-main sequence and main sequence low-mass stars down to the hydrogen-burning limit
• Planets and Stellar Activity: Hide and Seek in the CoRoT-7 system
• The Solar Neighborhood XVII: Parallax Results from the CTIOPI 0.9m Program -- Twenty New Members of the RECONS 10 Parsec Sample
• The surprising magnetic topology of tauSco: fossil remnant or dynamo output?
• Spectrum radial velocity analyser (SERVAL). High-precision radial velocities and two alternative spectral indicators
• Large-scale magnetic topologies of late M dwarfs
• The H$\alpha$ emission of nearby M dwarfs and its relation to stellar rotation
• Large-scale magnetic topologies of early M dwarfs
• Kepler Flares II: The Temporal Morphology of White-Light Flares on GJ 1243
• Toroidal versus poloidal magnetic fields in Sun-like stars: a rotation threshold
• SOAP 2.0: A tool to estimate the photometric and radial velocity variations induced by stellar spots and plages
• The HARPS search for southern extra-solar planets. X. A m sin i = 11 Mearth planet around the nearby spotted M dwarf GJ 674
• Transit Least Squares: Optimized transit detection algorithm to search for periodic transits of small planets
• TW Hydrae: evidence of stellar spots instead of a Hot Jupiter
• Radial mixing and the transition between the thick and thin Galactic discs
• Observing the Atmospheres of Known Temperate Earth-sized Planets with JWST
• Inferring probabilistic stellar rotation periods using Gaussian processes
• Stellar activity of planetary host star HD 189733
• Search for exoplanets with the radial-velocity technique: quantitative diagnostics of stellar activity
• The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs: Different roads to radii and masses of the target stars
• The Kepler-10 planetary system revisited by HARPS-N: A hot rocky world and a solid Neptune-mass planet
• SPIRou: nIR velocimetry & spectropolarimetry at the CFHT
• The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs -- Planet occurrence rates from a subsample of 71 stars
• Three years of Sun-as-a-star radial-velocity observations on the approach to solar minimum
• The 10 parsec sample in the Gaia era
• A candidate short-period sub-Earth orbiting Proxima Centauri
• Revisiting Proxima with ESPRESSO
• The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs. Activity indicators at visible and near-infrared wavelengths
• Measuring precise radial velocities on individual spectral lines : II. Dependance of stellar activity signal on line depth
• Line-by-line velocity measurements, an outlier-resistant method for precision velocimetry
• Metallicity of M dwarfs IV. A high-precision [Fe/H] and Teff technique from high-resolution optical spectra for M dwarfs
• pyaneti II: A multidimensional Gaussian process approach to analysing spectroscopic time-series
• The connection between stellar activity cycles and magnetic field topology
• APERO: A PipelinE to Reduce Observations -- Demonstration with SPIRou
• Investigating the young AU~Mic system with SPIRou: large-scale stellar magnetic field and close-in planet mass
• Stellar parameters of early M dwarfs from ratios of spectral features at optical wavelengths
• The HARPS search for southern extra-solar planets XXXV. Planetary systems and stellar activity of the M dwarfs GJ 3293, GJ 3341, and GJ 3543
• Stellar activity as noise in exoplanet detection II. Application to M dwarfs
• A multiwavelength radial velocity search for planets around the brown dwarf LP 944-20
• How magnetic activity alters what we learn from stellar spectra
• One year of AU Mic with HARPS: II -- stellar activity and star-planet interaction
• A discontinuity in the $T_{\mathrm{eff}}$-radius relation of M-dwarfs
• Insights on the Spectral Signatures of Stellar Activity and Planets from PCA
• The effect of stellar activity on the spectroscopic stellar parameters of the young solar twin HIP 36515
• HADES RV Programme with HARPS-N at TNG XV. Planetary occurrence rates around early-M dwarfs
• One year of AU Mic with HARPS: I -- measuring the masses of the two transiting planets
• A 4 Gyr M-dwarf Gyrochrone from CFHT/MegaPrime Monitoring of the Open Cluster M67
• The young HD 73583 (TOI-560) planetary system: Two 10-M${}_{\oplus }$ mini-Neptunes transiting a 500-Myr-old, bright, and active K dwarf
• Efficient modeling of correlated noise. III. Scalable methods for jointly modeling several observables' time series with Gaussian processes
• The SOPHIE search for northern extrasolar planets. XIV. A temperate ($T_{\mathrm{eq}}\sim 300$ K) super-earth around the nearby star Gliese 411
• Quasi-periodic Gaussian Processes for stellar activity: from physical to kernel parameters
• Detailed Chemical Abundances for a Benchmark Sample of M Dwarfs from the APOGEE Survey
• Proxima Centauri as a Benchmark for Stellar Activity Indicators in the Near Infrared
• The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs. Mapping stellar activity indicators across the M dwarf domain
• Persistent starspot signals on M dwarfs: multi-wavelength Doppler observations with the Habitable-zone Planet Finder and Keck/HIRES
• Stellar activity correction using PCA decomposition of shells
• TOI-1759 b: a transiting sub-Neptune around a low mass star characterized with SPIRou and TESS
• The SPIRou wavelength calibration for precise radial velocities in the near infrared
• Estimating the atmospheric properties of 44 M dwarfs from SPIRou spectra
• A vigorous activity cycle mimicking a planetary system in HD200466
• Estimating fundamental parameters of nearby M dwarfs from SPIRou spectra
• A Gaussian Process Regression Reveals No Evidence for Planets Orbiting Kapteyn's Star
• The SOPHIE search for northern extrasolar planets XV. A Warm Neptune around the M-dwarf Gl378
• Mitigating stellar activity jitter with different line lists for least-squares deconvolution: analysis of a parametric and a randomised line selection
• Rotational modulation of spectroscopic Zeeman signatures in low-mass stars
• Mapping time-dependent magnetic topologies of active stars
• The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs. Diagnostic capabilities of strong K I lines for photosphere and chromosphere
• Estimating $T_{\mathrm{eff}}$, radius and luminosity of M-dwarfs using high resolution optical and NIR spectral features
• Simulated mass measurements of the young planet K2-33b

Cited by in corpus (11)

• The SPIRou Legacy Survey Rotation period of quiet M dwarfs from circular polarization in near-infrared spectral lines: I. The SPIRou APERO analysis
• Characterisation of stellar activity of M dwarfs. I. Long-timescale variability in a large sample and detection of new cycles
• The space weather around the exoplanet GJ 436b
• Diving into the planetary system of Proxima with NIRPS -- Breaking the metre per second barrier in the infrared
• Gl 725A b: a potential super-Earth detected with SOPHIE and SPIRou in an M dwarf binary system at 3.5 pc
• Chromaticity of stellar activity in radial velocities : Anti-correlated families of lines on the M dwarf EV Lac with SPIRou and SOPHIE
• Characterizing planetary systems with SPIRou: a temperate sub-Neptune exoplanet orbiting the nearby fully-convective star GJ 1289 and a candidate around GJ 3378
• The SPIRou Legacy Survey: near-infrared and optical radial velocity analysis of Gl 480 and Gl 382 using SPIRou, HARPS and CARMENES spectrographs
• The SPIRou Legacy Survey: Detection of a nearby world orbiting in the habitable zone of Gl725B achieved by correcting strong telluric contamination in near-infrared radial velocities with WAPITI
• NIRPS tightens the mass estimate of GJ 3090 b and detects a planet near the stellar rotation period
• Near-IR and optical radial velocities of the active M dwarf star Gl 388 (AD Leo) with SPIRou at CFHT and SOPHIE at OHP: A 2.23 day rotation period and no evidence for a corotating planet