Rotation Periods of 34,030 Kepler Main-Sequence Stars: The Full Autocorrelation Sample

Abstract

We analyzed 3 years of data from the Kepler space mission to derive rotation periods of main-sequence stars below 6500 K. Our automated autocorrelation-based method detected rotation periods between 0.2 and 70 days for 34,030 (25.6%) of the 133,030 main-sequence Kepler targets (excluding known eclipsing binaries and Kepler Objects of Interest), making this the largest sample of stellar rotation periods to date. In this paper we consider the detailed features of the now well-populated period-temperature distribution and demonstrate that the period bimodality, first seen by McQuillan, Aigrain & Mazeh (2013) in the M-dwarf sample, persists to higher masses, becoming less visible above 0.6 M_sun. We show that these results are globally consistent with the existing ground-based rotation-period data and find that the upper envelope of the period distribution is broadly consistent with a gyrochronological age of 4.5 Gyrs, based on the isochrones of Barnes (2007), Mamajek & Hillenbrand (2008) and Meibom et al. (2009). We also performed a detailed comparison of our results to those of Reinhold et al. (2013) and Nielsen et al. (2013), who have measured rotation periods of field stars observed by Kepler. We examined the amplitude of periodic variability for the stars with detected rotation periods, and found a typical range between ~950 ppm (5th percentile) and ~22,700 ppm (95th percentile), with a median of ~5,600 ppm. We found typically higher amplitudes for shorter periods and lower effective temperatures, with an excess of low-amplitude stars above ~5400 K.

Accepted ApJS 20th Feb 2014, submitted 13th Jan 2014. 15 pages, 12 Figures, 6 Tables. Tables 1 & 2 are available in their entirety in a machine-readable form in the online supplementary material or from http://www.astro.tau.ac.il/~amy/

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• Long rotation period main-sequence stars from Kepler SAP light curves
• Kepler main-sequence solar-like stars: surface rotation and magnetic-activity evolution
• Further evidence of the link between activity and metallicity using the flaring properties of stars in the Kepler field
• Is [Y/Mg] a Reliable Age Diagnostic for FGK Stars?
• Observationally Constraining the Starspot Properties of Magnetically Active M67 Sub-Subgiant S1063
• Sounding stellar cycles with Kepler - III. Comparative analysis of chromospheric, photometric and asteroseismic variability
• Study of Chemically Peculiar Stars-I : High-resolution Spectroscopy and K2 Photometry of Am Stars in the Region of M44
• Periodic transit and variability search with simultaneous systematics filtering: Is it worth it?
• PARSEC V2.0: Rotating tracks and isochrones for seven addtional metallicities in the range Z=0.0001-0.03
• Searching for TESS Photometric Variability of Possible JWST Spectrophotometric Standard Stars
• Predictions of astrometric jitter for Sun-like stars. I. The model and its application to the Sun as seen from the ecliptic
• Are the gyro-ages of field stars underestimated?
• On the characterization of GJ 504: a magnetically active planet-host star observed by the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS)
• M Dwarf Activity in the Pan-STARRS 1 Medium-Deep Survey: First Catalog and Rotation Periods
• Rieger-type periodicity in the total irradiance of the Sun as a star during solar cycles 23-24
• Asteroseismic analysis of Kepler target KIC 2837475
• Examining the Rotation Period Distribution of the 40 Myr Tucana-Horologium Association with TESS
• Transition of latitudinal differential rotation as a possible cause of weakened magnetic braking of solar-type stars
• Predictions of Astrometric Jitter for Sun-like Stars. III. Fast Rotators
• The California-Kepler Survey. XI. A Survey of Chromospheric Activity Through the Lens of Precise Stellar Properties
• Stellar winds as a mechanism to tilt the spin axes of Sun-like stars
• Far beyond the Sun: II. Probing the stellar magnetism of the young Sun ι Horologii from the photosphere to its corona
• Periodic stellar variability from almost a million NGTS light curves
• Hiding in plain sight: observing planet-starspot crossings with the James Webb Space Telescope
• On the Evolution of Rotational Modulation Amplitude in Solar-mass Main-sequence Stars
• Multi-wavelength quasi-periodic pulsations in a stellar superflare
• Wide binaries demonstrate the consistency of rotational evolution between open cluster and field stars
• Rotation signature of TESS B-type stars. A comprehensive analysis
• Tides and angular momentum redistribution inside low-mass stars hosting planets: a first dynamical model
• Rotational mixing in carbon-enhanced metal-poor stars with s-process enrichment
• Mass and Age determination of the LAMOST data with different Machine Learning methods
• Determination of Starspot Covering Fraction as a function of Stellar Age from Observational Data
• Rapidly Rotating, X-ray Bright Stars in the Kepler Field
• Superflares on solar-like stars: A new method for identifying the true flare sources in photometric surveys
• The breakdown of current gyrochronology as evidenced by old coeval stars
• Revisiting the HD 21749 Planetary System with Stellar Activity Modeling
• A dearth of close-in planets around rapidly rotating stars or a dearth of data?
• A study of Pulsation & Rotation in a sample of A-K type stars in the Kepler field
• The Solar Neighborhood LI: A Variability Survey of Nearby M Dwarfs with Planets from Months to Decades with TESS and the CTIO/SMARTS 0.9 m Telescope
• Prospects for detecting the Rossiter-McLaughlin effect of Earth-like planets: the test case of TRAPPIST-1b and c
• Back to "Normal" for the Disintegrating Planet Candidate KIC 12557548 b
• Flare Activity and Magnetic Feature Analysis of the Flare Stars
• Populations of highly variable X-ray sources in the XMM$-$Newton slew survey
• Seismic differences between solar magnetic cycles 23 and 24 for low-degree modes
• Stellar X-ray activity and habitability revealed by ROSAT sky survey
• HATS-36b and 24 other transiting/eclipsing systems from the HATSouth - K2 Campaign 7 program
• A Search for Exoplanets in Open Clusters and Young Associations based on TESS Objects of Interest
• Signature of spin-down stalling in stellar magnetic activity. The case of the open cluster NGC 6811
• ATREIDES I. Embarking on a trek across the exo-Neptunian landscape with the TOI-421 system
• Meta-analysis of photometric and asteroseismic measurements of stellar rotation periods: the Lomb-Scargle periodogram, autocorrelation function, wavelet and rotational splitting analysis for 92 Kepler asteroseismic targets
• Scheduling strategies for the ESPRESSO follow-up of TESS targets
• S-ACF: A selective estimator for the autocorrelation function of irregularly sampled time series
• Change in activity character of coronae of low-mass stars of various spectral types
• The Properties and Evolutions of Starspots on Three Detached Eclipsing Binaries in the LAMOST-Kepler survey
• NGTS clusters survey $-$ V: Rotation in the Orion Star-forming Complex
• DMPP-4: Candidate sub-Neptune mass planets orbiting a naked-eye star
• Weakened Magnetic Braking Signals the Collapse of the Global Stellar Dynamo
• A Homogeneous Catalog of Oscillating Solar-Type Stars Observed by the Kepler Mission and a New Amplitude Scaling Relation Including Chromospheric Activity
• Inflection point in the power spectrum of stellar brightness variations III: Faculae vs. Spot dominance on stars with known rotation periods
• HD 183579b: A Warm Sub-Neptune Transiting a Solar Twin Detected by TESS
• Stellar magnetic activity and Star-Planet Interactions (invited review)
• Two sub-Neptunes around the M dwarf TOI-1470
• Benchmark tests of transmission spectroscopy using transiting white dwarfs
• A survey for variable young stars with small telescopes: III -- Warm spots on the active star V1598Cyg
• Forward modelling of brightness variations in Sun-like stars -- II. Light curves and variability
• Measuring periods in aperiodic light curves -- Applying the GPS method to infer rotation periods of solar-like stars
• Blackbody temperature of 200+ stellar flares observed with the CoRoT satellite
• SOAPv4: A new step toward modeling stellar signatures in exoplanet research
• Higher Order Harmonics in the Light Curves of Eccentric Planetary Systems
• Measuring the Temperature of Starspots from Multi-Filter Photometry
• Analysis of the public HARPS/ESO spectroscopic archive -- Jupiter-like planets around HD 103891 and HD 105779
• A Monte Carlo Method for Evaluating Empirical Gyrochronology Models and its Application to Wide Binary Benchmarks
• X-ray variability of cool stars: Magnetic activity and accretion
• BEER analysis of Kepler and CoRoT light curves. V. eBEER: Extension of the Algorithm to Eccentric Binaries
• An extremely low-density exoplanet spins slow
• The Puzzling Story of Flare Inactive Ultra Fast Rotating M dwarfs. II. Searching for radial velocity variations
• High-precision photometric and high-resolution spectroscopic characterisation of HD 180347
• Testing the Rossby Paradigm: Weakened Magnetic Braking in early K-type Stars
• Convolutional Neural Networks for Searching Superflares from Pixel-level Data of the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite
• Flaring Activities of Fast Rotating Stars have Solar-like Latitudinal Distribution
• First eROSITA-TESS results for M dwarfs: Mass dependence of the X-ray activity rotation relation and an assessment of sensitivity limits
• Rotational Velocities of Am and Non-CP Stars based on Kepler and LAMOST DR5
• A Refined Model of Convectively-Driven Flicker in Kepler Light Curves
• Flare Activity and Magnetic Feature Analysis of the Flare Stars II: Sub-Giant Branch
• Photometric activity cycles in fast-rotating stars: Revisiting the reality of stellar activity cycle branches
• Measuring Long Stellar Rotation Periods (>10 days) from TESS FFI Light Curves is Possible: An Investigation Using TESS and ZTF
• NGTS-21b: An Inflated Super-Jupiter Orbiting a Metal-poor K dwarf
• Precise characterisation of HD 15337 with CHEOPS: a laboratory for planet formation and evolution
• LASR-Guided Stellar Photometric Variability Subtraction: The Linear Algorithm For Significance Reduction
• Brightness Fluctuation Spectra of Sun-Like Stars. I. The Mid-Frequency Continuum
• Spectroscopic confirmation of the binary nature of the hybrid pulsator KIC 5709664 found with the frequency modulation method
• Stellar rotation effects in polarimetric microlensing
• Unravelling the Period Gap using LAMOST Chromospheric Activity Indices
• KIC 12268220: A $\delta$ Scuti Pulsating Star and an Active Protohelium White Dwarf in an Eclipsing Binary System
• Predicting Stellar Rotation Periods Using XGBoost
• Searching for stellar cycles on low mass stars using TESS data
• Two Different Weak Modulations in ab-type RR Lyrae Variable V838 Cyg, and Potential Influence of Metal Abundance on Blazhko Modulation
• Obliquities of Exoplanet Host Stars from Precise Distances and Stellar Angular Diameters
• Searching the Entirety of Kepler Data. I. 17 New Planet Candidates Including 1 Habitable Zone World
• Four ages of rotating stars in the rotation--activity relationship and gyrochronology
• Spectropolarimetric follow-up of 8 rapidly rotating, X-ray bright FK Comae candidates
• A wavelet analysis of photometric variability in Kepler white dwarf stars
• Chandrasekhar's relation and the stellar rotation in the Kepler field
• The Evolution of the Solar-Stellar Activity
• Asteroseismic determination of the stellar rotation period of the Kepler transiting planetary systems and its implications for the spin-orbit architecture
• An Explorative Approach for Inspecting Kepler Data
• Planet Eclipse Mapping with Long-Term Baseline Drifts
• Modeling Stellar Surface Features on Subgiant Star with an M-dwarf Companion
• A Data-Driven Technique for Measuring Stellar Rotation
• Characterization of low-mass companions to $\text{Kepler}$ objects of interest observed with APOGEE-N
• Double-dipping to refine stellar rotation periods
• New cases of super-flares on slowly rotating solar-type stars and large amplitude super-flares in G- and M-type main-sequence stars
• Temporal Variation of Flare Occurrence Rates via the Spot Evolution on the Sun and Solar-type Stars
• Detectability of Solar Rotation Period Across Various Wavelengths
• Lost Sisters Found: TESS and Gaia Reveal a Dissolving Pleiades Complex
• A Theoretical Study of the Outer Layers of Eight Kepler F-stars: The Relevance of Ionization Processes
• The rotation of planet-hosting stars
• Constraining the Rotation Profile in a Low-Luminosity Subgiant with a Surface Rotation Measurement
• Stellar spots cause measurable variations in atmospheric metallicity
• KIC 10417986: Spectroscopic confirmation of the nature of the binary system with a δ Scuti component
• Characterizing Exoplanets for Assessing Their Potential Habitability
• The Formation of Double Hot Jupiter Systems through von Zeipel-Lidov-Kozai Migration
• Statistical properties of superflares on solar-type stars based on the Kepler 1-min cadence data
• Light Curve Modulation of Low Mass Stars in K2. I. Identification of 508 Fast Rotators in the Solar Neighborhood
• Activity of low mass stars in the light of spot signature in the Fourier domain
• A search for stellar siblings of the ~ 200 Myr TOI-251b planetary system
• Asteroseismology of low-mass stars: the balance between partial ionisation and Coulomb interactions
• A simple model to describe intrinsic stellar noise for exoplanet detection around red giants
• The changing face of AU Mic b: stellar spots, spin-orbit commensurability, and Transit Timing Variations as seen by CHEOPS and TESS
• GJ 238 b: A 0.57 Earth Radius Planet Orbiting an M2.5 Dwarf Star at 15.2 pc
• Comparing the Sun to Sun-like stars. On the importance of addressing faculae/spot domination
• Further Evidence for Tidal Spin-Up of Hot Jupiter Host Stars
• Prediction of short stellar activity cycles using derived and established empirical relations between activity and rotation periods
• Rescuing Unrecognized Exoplanet Candidates in Kepler Data
• Catalog of Integrated-Light Star Cluster Light Curves in TESS
• Rotation of planet-harbouring stars
• Debris disks among Kepler solar rotational analog stars
• The Solar Neighborhood. LV. M Dwarf Twin Binaries -- One in Five Twin Sibling Pairs Are Mismatched in Activity and/or Rotation
• Ground to Dust: Collisional Cascades and the Fate of Kardashev II Megaswarms
• 200,000+ Deep Learning-inferred Periods of Stellar Variability from the All-Sky Automated Survey for Supernovae
• Time series photometry and multi-wavelength characterisation of the young stellar cluster Mon R2
• Improved characterization of the TOI-2141 system: a dense sub-Neptune with non-transiting inner and outer companions
• Evolution of the ZTF SLRN-2020 star-planet merger
• Rotation of young solar-type stars as seen by Gaia and K2
• Constraints on the Obliquities of Kepler Planet-Hosting Stars
• Planets Across Space and Time (PAST). II: Catalog and Analyses of the LAMOST-Gaia-Kepler Stellar Kinematic Properties
• Analytic model for photometric variation due to starspots on a differentially rotating star
• Transit Hunt for Young and Maturing Exoplanets (THYME) VIII: a Pleiades-age association harboring two transiting planetary systems from Kepler
• SpinSpotter: An Automated Algorithm for Identifying Stellar Rotation Periods With Autocorrelation Analysis
• Perspectives on the Physics of Late-Type Stars from Beyond Low Earth Orbit, the Moon and Mars
• Stellar dynamics of low mass stars from the surface to the interior measured by CoRoT and Kepler
• Towards age/rotation/magnetic activity relation with seismology
• Magnetic geometry of M dwarfs in the southern PLATO field
• A Catalog of 45,206 Hα Emission-line Stars from LAMOST MRS DR7