Extreme solar events
arXiv:2205.09265 · doi:10.1007/s41116-022-00033-8
Abstract
We trace the evolution of research on extreme solar and solar-terrestrial events from the 1859 Carrington event to the rapid development of the last twenty years. Our focus is on the largest observed/inferred/theoretical cases of sunspot groups, flares on the Sun and Sun-like stars, coronal mass ejections, solar proton events, and geomagnetic storms. The reviewed studies are based on modern observations, historical or long-term data including the auroral and cosmogenic radionuclide record, and Kepler observations of Sun-like stars. We compile a table of 100- and 1000-year events based on occurrence frequency distributions for the space weather phenomena listed above. Questions considered include the Sun-like nature of superflare stars and the existence of impactful but unpredictable solar "black swans" and extreme "dragon king" solar phenomena that can involve different physics from that operating in events which are merely large.
Invited review article for Living Reviews in Solar Physics
References in corpus (84)
- Power-law distributions in empirical data
- Torus instability
- Understanding space weather to shield society: A global road map for 2015-2025 commissioned by COSPAR and ILWS
- Hot Explosions in the Cool Atmosphere of the Sun
- Non-linear force-free field modeling of a solar active region around the time of a major flare and coronal mass ejection
- Observations of an extreme storm in interplanetary space caused by successive coronal mass ejections
- Magnetic Coordinate Systems
- Dragon-kings: mechanisms, statistical methods and empirical evidence
- 25 Years of Self-Organized Criticality: Solar and Astrophysics
- Driving major solar flares and eruptions: a review
- Patterns of photometric and chromospheric variation among Sun-like stars: A 20-year perspective
- Statistical properties of superflares on solar-type stars based on 1-min cadence data
- Coherent Emission Mechanisms in Astrophysical Plasmas
- Magnetic Properties of Solar Active Regions that Govern Large Solar Flares and Eruptions
- Acceleration and propagation of Solar Energetic Particles
- Do Kepler superflare stars really include slowly-rotating Sun-like stars ? - Results using APO 3.5m telescope spectroscopic observations and Gaia-DR2 data -
- The Confined X-class Flares of Solar Active Region 2192
- Global Energetics of Solar Flares: V. Energy Closure in Flares and Coronal Mass Ejections
- Magnitudes and Timescales of Total Solar Irradiance Variability
- Probable detection of an eruptive filament from a superflare on a solar-type star
- Indications of stellar coronal mass ejections through coronal dimmings
- Gamma Ray Bursts
- The flare catalog and the flare activity in the Kepler mission
- The Sun is less active than other solar-like stars
- A stellar flare-coronal mass ejection event revealed by X-ray plasma motions
- Hot Jupiters and stellar magnetic activity
- Statistical Properties of Superflares on Solar-type Stars: Results Using All of the Kepler Primary Mission Data
- Superflare occurrence and energies on G-, K- and M-type dwarfs
- Nonthermal Hard X-ray Emission and Iron Kalpha Emission from a Superflare on II Pegasi
- Causes of an AD 774-775 14C increase
- Constraining Orbital Parameters Through Planetary Transit Monitoring
- Assessing the impact of space weather on the electric power grid based on insurance claims for industrial electrical equipment
- GLE and Sub-GLE Redefinition in the Light of High-Altitude Polar Neutron Monitors
- Stellar Coronal Mass Ejections I. Estimating occurrence frequencies and mass-loss rates
- Sunspot area catalogue revisited: Daily cross-calibrated areas since 1874
- Superflares on solar-type stars from the first year observation of TESS
- Large Solar Energetic Particle Events Associated with Filament Eruptions Outside of Active Regions
- Neutron Monitor Yield Function: New Improved computations
- First detection of >100 MeV gamma rays associated with a behind-the-limb solar flare
- Small-Scale and Global Dynamos and the Area and Flux Distributions of Active Regions, Sunspot Groups, and Sunspots: A Multi-Database Study
- The 2012 July 23 Backside Eruption: An Extreme Energetic Particle Event?
- High Dispersion Spectroscopy of Solar-type Superflare Stars. II. Stellar Rotation, Starspots, and Chromospheric Activities
- Long-Lasting Extreme Magnetic Storm Activities in 1770 Found in Historical Documents
- Quasi-Periodic Pulsations during the Impulsive and Decay phases of an X-class Flare
- Cyclic and Long-term Variation of Sunspot Magnetic Fields
- Analysis of Ground Level Enhancements (GLE): Extreme solar energetic particle events have hard spectra
- Why is a flare-rich active region CME-poor?
- Scaling Relations in Coronal Mass Ejections and Energetic Proton Events associated with Solar Superflares
- Spontaneous current-layer fragmentation and cascading reconnection in solar flares: II. Relation to observations
- A Monster CME Obscuring A Demon Star Flare
- A Carrington-like geomagnetic storm observed in the 21st century
- Revisited reference solar proton event of 23-Feb-1956: Assessment of the cosmogenic-isotope method sensitivity to extreme solar events
- The Extreme Space Weather Event in 1903 October/November: An Outburst from the Quiet Sun
- Magnetic Flux and Magnetic Non-potentiality of Active Regions in Eruptive and Confined Solar Flares
- First nonlinear force-free field extrapolations of SOLIS/VSM data
- A rapid cosmic-ray increase in BC 3372-3371 from ancient buried tree rings in China
- Comparing Long-Duration Gamma-Ray Flares and High-Energy Solar Energetic Particles
- Search for flares and associated CMEs on late-type main-sequence stars in optical SDSS spectra
- Kepler super-flare stars: what are they?
- East Asian Observations of Low Latitude Aurora during the Carrington Magnetic Storm
- The acceleration of high-energy protons at coronal shocks: the effect of large-scale streamer-like magnetic field structures
- New reconstruction of event-integrated spectra (spectral fluences) for major solar energetic particle events
- A Statistical Study of Photospheric Magnetic Field Changes During 75 Solar Flares
- High Dispersion Spectroscopy of Solar-type Superflare Stars. I. Temperature, Surface Gravity, Metallicity, and
- Temporal Variations of the Three Geomagnetic Field Components at Colaba Observatory around the Carrington Storm in 1859
- Evidence for a Coronal Shock Wave Origin for Relativistic Protons Producing Solar Gamma-Rays and Observed by Neutron Monitors at Earth
- Anchoring historical sequences using a new source of astro-chronological tie-points
- Stellar flares and the dark energy of CMEs
- Effect of metallicity on the detectability of rotational periods in solar-like stars
- Occurrence of Great Magnetic Storms on 6-8 March 1582
- Is Cyclotron Maser Emission in Solar Flares Driven by a Horseshoe Distribution?
- Assessing the projection correction of Coronal Mass Ejection speeds on Time-of-Arrival prediction performance using the Effective Acceleration Model
- Aurora Candidates from the Chronicle of Qīng Dynasty in Several Degrees of Relevance
- An Optical Atmospheric Phenomenon Observed in 1670 over the City of Astrakhan Was not a Mid-Latitude Aurora
- Extreme solar storms based on solar magnetic field
- Low time resolution analysis of polar ice cores cannot detect impulsive nitrate events
- South American auroral reports during the Carrington storm
- Characteristics and Importance of "ICME-in-Sheath" Phenomenon and Upper Limit for Geomagnetic Storm Activity
- A solar super-flare as cause for the 14C variation in AD 774/5 ?
- Harmonic elctron-cyclotron maser emissions driven by energetic electrons of the horseshoe distribution with application to solar radio spikes
- The Extreme Space Weather Event in February/March 1941
- Polarization Characteristics of Zebra Patterns in Type IV Solar Radio Bursts
- Cause and Extent of the Extreme Radio Flux Density Reached by the Solar Flare of 2006 December 06
- Narrowband Spikes Observed during the 2013 November 7 Flare