An Observational Overview of Solar Flares

Abstract

We present an overview of solar flares and associated phenomena, drawing upon a wide range of observational data primarily from the RHESSI era. Following an introductory discussion and overview of the status of observational capabilities, the article is split into topical sections which deal with different areas of flare phenomena (footpoints and ribbons, coronal sources, relationship to coronal mass ejections) and their interconnections. We also discuss flare soft X-ray spectroscopy and the energetics of the process. The emphasis is to describe the observations from multiple points of view, while bearing in mind the models that link them to each other and to theory. The present theoretical and observational understanding of solar flares is far from complete, so we conclude with a brief discussion of models, and a list of missing but important observations.

This is an article for a monograph on the physics of solar flares, inspired by RHESSI observations. The individual articles are to appear in Space Science Reviews (2011)

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• Detection of an energetic flare from the M5V secondary star in the Polar MQ Dra
• Energy partition in a confined flare with an extreme-ultraviolet late phase
• A Data-constrained Magnetohydrodynamic Simulation of Successive X-class Flares in Solar Active Region 13842 I. Dynamics of the Solar Eruption Associated with the X7.1 Solar Flare
• Statistical relationship between the succeeding solar flares detected by the RHESSI satellite
• Solar flare observations with the Radio Neutrino Observatory Greenland (RNO-G)
• The depth and the vertical extent of the energy deposition layer in a medium-class solar flare
• Evolution of magnetic fields and energy release processes during homologous eruptive flares
• Magnetic Energy Powers the Corona: How We Can Understand its 3D Storage & Release
• Coupling between magnetic reconnection, energy release, and particle acceleration in the X17.2 2003 October 28 solar flare
• Near-continuous tracking of solar active region NOAA 13664 over three solar rotations
• Rethinking the solar flare paradigm
• A Data-constrained Magnetohydrodynamic Simulation of Successive X-class Flares in Solar Active Region 13842. II. Dynamics of the Solar Eruption Associated with the X9.0 Solar Flare
• Solar Gamma-Ray Evidence for a Distinct Population of $>$ 1 MeV Flare-Accelerated Electrons
• Connecting theory of plasmoid-modulated reconnection to observations of solar flares
• A statistical search for a uniform trigger threshold in solar flares from individual active regions
• Imaging and Spectroscopic Observations of the Dynamic Processes in Limb Solar Flares
• RESIK and RHESSI observations of the 20 September 2002 flare
• Multi-wavelength observations of the 2014 June 11 M3.9 flare: temporal and spatial characteristics
• Relationship of peak fluxes of solar radio bursts and X-ray class of solar flares: Application to early great solar flares
• A new view of the solar interface region from the Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph (IRIS)
• Detecting non-thermal emission in a solar microflare using nested sampling
• Long- and Mid-Term Variations of the Soft X-ray Flare Type in Solar Cycles
• Mapping ground-based coronagraphic images to Helioprojective-Cartesian coordinate system by image registration
• Spectral component imaging of solar X-ray flares
• A New Search Pipeline for Short Gamma Ray Bursts in Fermi/GBM Data -- A 50% Increase in the Number of Detections
• Hard X-rays from the deep solar atmosphere. An unusual UV burst with flare properties
• Chirality and magnetic configuration associated with two-ribbon solar flares: AR 10930 versus AR 11158
• Development of a method for determining the search window for solar flare neutrinos
• Formation and rising phase of a flux rope through data-constrained simulations
• The Flare Likelihood and Region Eruption Forecasting (FLARECAST) Project: Flare forecasting in the big data & machine learning era
• Characterising Solar Magnetic Reconnection in Confined and Eruptive Flares
• Power-law Indices of EUV Intensity Power Spectrum in Flaring Coronal Active Regions
• First Detailed MeerKAT Imaging Spectroscopy of a Solar Flare
• Radio, X-ray, and EUV signatures of internal and external reconnection of an erupting flux rope
• Superflare on a rapidly-rotating solar-type star captured in X-rays
• The Focusing Optics X-ray Solar Imager (FOXSI)
• Coupled MHD -- Hybrid Simulations of Space Plasmas
• CME development in the corona and interplanetary medium: A multi-wavelength approach
• Plasma Diagnostics From Active Region and Quiet Sun Spectra Observed by Hinode/EIS: Quantifying the Departures from a Maxwellian Distribution
• Investigating Pre-flare Signatures in Spectroscopic Observations of an X9-class Solar Flare
• SolO/EUI Observations of Ubiquitous Fine-scale Bright Dots in an Emerging Flux Region: Comparison with a Bifrost MHD Simulation
• Solar Flare Heating with Turbulent Suppression of Thermal Conduction
• Extreme-ultraviolet Late Phase in Homologous Solar Flares from a Complex Active Region
• X-class flare on Dec 31, 2023, observed by the Solar Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope on board Aditya-L1
• Evolution of Elemental Abundances During B-Class Solar Flares: Soft X-ray Spectral Measurements with Chandrayaan-2 XSM
• A sudden fine-scale bright kernel captured by Hi-C Flare in 11 MK emission during an M1.6-class solar flare's post-maximum phase
• Time-dependent Turbulent Electron Acceleration and Transport in Solar Flares
• Energy-Containing Electrons in Solar Flares: Improving Hard X-Ray and EUV Diagnostics
• Inferring the magnetic field asymmetry of solar flares from the degree of polarisation at millimetre wavelengths
• Quasiperiodic Slipping Motion of Flare Ribbon Fine Structures Anchored in a Sunspot Light Bridge
• Spin-Orbit Geometry of AU Mic b and c from Back-to-Back Transits Observed Contemporaneously with Magellan PFS, LCOGT, and CHEOPS
• Non-thermal Sources from Stereoscopic Hard X-ray and Earth-based Microwave Observations in a Data-Constrained Magnetohydrodynamic Simulation
• Specialist Discussion Meeting: 3D structure of the flare chromosphere
• Infrared spectropolarimetry of a C-class solar flare footpoint plasma -- I. Spectral features and forward modelling