Unified Relationship between Cold Plasma Ejections and Flare Energies Ranging from Solar Microflares to Giant Stellar Flares

Abstract

We often find spectral signatures of chromospheric cold plasma ejections accompanied by flares in a wide range of spatial scales in the solar and stellar atmospheres. However, the relationship between physical quantities (such as mass, kinetic energy, and velocity) of cold ejecta and flare energy has not been investigated in a unified manner for the entire range of flare energies to date. This study analyzed the spectra of cold plasma ejections associated with small-scale flares and solar flares (energy $10^{25}-10^{29}\mathrm{erg}$) to supply smaller energy samples. We performed H$\alpha$ imaging spectroscopy observation by the Solar Dynamics Doppler Imager on the Solar Magnetic Activity Research Telescope (SMART/SDDI). We determined the physical quantities of the ejecta by cloud model fitting to the H$\alpha$ spectrum. We determined flare energy by differential emission measure analysis using Atmospheric Imaging Assembly onboard Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO/AIA) for small-scale flares and by estimating the bolometric energy for large-scale flares. As a result, we found that the ejection mass $M$ and the total flare energy $E_{\mathrm{tot}}$ follow a relation of $M\propto E_{\mathrm{tot}}^{2/3}$. We show that the scaling law derived from a simple physical model explains the solar and stellar observations with a coronal magnetic field strength as a free parameter. We also found that the kinetic energy and velocity of the ejecta correlate with the flare energy. These results suggest a common mechanism driven by magnetic fields to cause cold plasma ejections with flares on the Sun and stars.

23 pages, 10 figures; accepted for publication in ApJ

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• Do Young Suns Produce Frequent, Massive CMEs? Results from Five-year Dedicated Optical Observations of EK Draconis and V889 Hercules
• Thermodynamic properties of small flares in the quiet Sun observed by H$\alpha$ and EUV: plasma motion of the chromosphere and time evolution of temperature/emission measure
• Doppler-shifted Signatures in the Chromospheric Line Profiles of II Pegasi
• Statistical Analysis of Minifilament Eruptions Using Full-disk H$\alpha$ Blue-wing Observations at Big Bear Solar Observatory