The Kepler Catalog of Stellar Flares

Abstract

A homogeneous search for stellar flares has been performed using every available Kepler light curve. An iterative light curve de-trending approach was used to filter out both astrophysical and systematic variability to detect flares. The flare recovery completeness has also been computed throughout each light curve using artificial flare injection tests, and the tools for this work have been made publicly available. The final sample contains 851,168 candidate flare events recovered above the 68% completeness threshold, which were detected from 4041 stars, or 1.9% of the stars in the Kepler database. The average flare energy detected is ~$10^{35}$ erg. The net fraction of flare stars increases with $g-i$ color, or decreasing stellar mass. For stars in this sample with previously measured rotation periods, the total relative flare luminosity is compared to the Rossby number. A tentative detection of flare activity saturation for low-mass stars with rapid rotation below a Rossby number of ~0.03 is found. A power law decay in flare activity with Rossby number is found with a slope of -1, shallower than typical measurements for X-ray activity decay with Rossby number.

arXiv comment15 pages, 8 figures, ApJ accepted. Code is available online: http://github.com/jradavenport/appaloosa

References in corpus (42)

• PARSEC: stellar tracks and isochrones with the PAdova and TRieste Stellar Evolution Code
• Improved Age Estimation for Solar-Type Dwarfs Using Activity-Rotation Diagnostics
• The stellar activity-rotation relationship and the evolution of stellar dynamos
• Ages for illustrative field stars using gyrochronology: viability, limitations and errors
• Kepler Input Catalog: Photometric Calibration and Stellar Classification
• Rotation Periods of 34,030 Kepler Main-Sequence Stars: The Full Autocorrelation Sample
• Constraining the Age-Activity Relation for Cool Stars: The SDSS DR5 Low-Mass Star Spectroscopic Sample
• Asteroseismology of Solar-Type and Red-Giant Stars
• Superflares on Solar Type Stars Observed with Kepler I. Statistical Properties of Superflares
• Global Energetics of Thirty-Eight Large Solar Eruptive Events
• The Effect of a Strong Stellar Flare on the Atmospheric Chemistry of an Earth-like Planet Orbiting an M dwarf
• Stellar SEDs from 0.3-2.5 Microns: Tracing the Stellar Locus and Searching for Color Outliers in SDSS and 2MASS
• Binarity in Brown Dwarfs: T Dwarf Binaries Discovered with the Hubble Space Telescope WPFC2
• Weakened magnetic braking as the origin of anomalously rapid rotation in old field stars
• Rotation and differential rotation of active Kepler stars
• Kepler Flares I. Active and Inactive M dwarfs
• Kepler Flares II: The Temporal Morphology of White-Light Flares on GJ 1243
• Flexible and Scalable Methods for Quantifying Stochastic Variability in the Era of Massive Time-Domain Astronomical Data Sets
• Periodograms for Multiband Astronomical Time Series
• Time-Resolved Properties and Global Trends in dMe Flares from Simultaneous Photometry and Spectra
• A Unified Computational Model for Solar and Stellar Flares
• Statistical properties of superflares on solar-type stars based on 1-min cadence data
• White-light flares on cool stars in the Kepler Quarter 1 Data
• Discovery and Validation of Kepler-452b: A 1.6-Re Super Earth Exoplanet in the Habitable Zone of a G2 Star
• Habitable Evaporated Cores: Transforming Mini-Neptunes into Super-Earths in the Habitable Zones of M Dwarfs
• HAZMAT I: The Evolution of Far-UV and Near-UV Emission from Early M Stars
• The asteroseismic potential of Kepler: first results for solar-type stars
• The Factory and The Beehive II. Activity and Rotation in Praesepe and the Hyades
• Flare Heating in Stellar Coronae
• Measuring Transit Signal Recovery in the Kepler Pipeline I: Individual Events
• The SDSS-2MASS-WISE Ten Dimensional Stellar Color Locus
• MOST Observations of the Flare Star AD Leo
• Kepler Flares III: Stellar Activity on GJ 1245 A and B
• A First Look at Rotation in Inactive Late-Type M Dwarfs
• Oscillations in stellar superflares
• The chromospheric emission of solar-type stars in the young open clusters IC 2391 and IC 2602
• Supersaturation and activity-rotation relation in PMS stars: the young Cluster h Per
• A fast and reliable method to measure stellar differential rotation from photometric data
• The Host Stars of Keplers Habitable Exoplanets: Superflares, Rotation and Activity
• Short duration high amplitude flares detected on the M dwarf star KIC 5474065
• A Multi-Period Oscillation in a Stellar Superflare
• Stellar magnetic activity and Star-Planet Interactions (invited review)

Cited by in corpus (197)

• Stellar Flares from the First Tess Data Release: Exploring a New Sample of M-dwarfs
• Revised Radii of Kepler Stars and Planets Using Gaia Data Release 2
• The active lives of stars: a complete description of rotation and XUV evolution of F, G, K, and M dwarfs
• Impact of Space Weather on Climate and Habitability of Terrestrial Type Exoplanets
• Wotan: Comprehensive time-series de-trending in Python
• Modelling Quasi-Periodic Pulsations in Solar and Stellar Flares
• The Origin of RNA Precursors on Exoplanets
• Suppression of Coronal Mass Ejections in active stars by an overlying large-scale magnetic field: A numerical study
• Do Kepler superflare stars really include slowly-rotating Sun-like stars ? - Results using APO 3.5m telescope spectroscopic observations and Gaia-DR2 data -
• The MUSCLES Treasury Survey. V. FUV Flares on Active and Inactive M Dwarfs
• The Habitability of Proxima Centauri b: II: Environmental States and Observational Discriminants
• Flare Statistics for Young Stars from a Convolutional Neural Network Analysis of $\text{TESS}$ Data
• The flare catalog and the flare activity in the Kepler mission
• Persistence of Flare-Driven Atmospheric Chemistry on Rocky Habitable Zone Worlds
• Statistical Properties of Superflares on Solar-type Stars: Results Using All of the Kepler Primary Mission Data
• The Evolution of Flare Activity with Stellar Age
• HAZMAT. IV. Flares and Superflares on Young M Stars in the Far Ultraviolet
• Stellar Coronal Mass Ejections I. Estimating occurrence frequencies and mass-loss rates
• Starspot activity and superflares on solar-type stars
• Flare Rates, Rotation Periods. and Spectroscopic Activity Indicators of a Volume-Complete Sample of Mid-to-Late M dwarfs within 15 Parsecs
• Long Term Photometric Variability in Kepler Full Frame Images: Magnetic Cycles of Sun-Like Stars
• Stellar flares observed in long cadence data from the Kepler mission
• EvryFlare I: Long-term Evryscope Monitoring of Flares from the Cool Stars Across Half the Southern Sky
• K2 Ultracool Dwarfs Survey. III. White Light Flares are Ubiquitous in M6-L0 Dwarfs
• Flares in Open Clusters with K2. II. Pleiades, Hyades, Praesepe, Ruprecht 147, and M67
• Flares in Open Clusters with K2. I. M45 (Pleiades), M44 (Praesepe) and M67
• A 20-Second Cadence View of Solar-Type Stars and Their Planets with TESS: Asteroseismology of Solar Analogs and a Re-characterization of pi Men c
• The Near-Ultraviolet Continuum Radiation in the Impulsive Phase of HF/GF-Type dMe Flares I: Data
• Time resolved spectroscopic observations of an M-dwarf flare star EV Lacertae during a flare
• The Stellar Activity of TRAPPIST-1 and Consequences for the Planetary Atmospheres
• Physical constraints for the evolution of life on exoplanets
• Statistical Analysis of Stellar Flares from the First Three Years of TESS Observations
• The largest M dwarfs flares from ASAS-SN
• Impact of Stellar Superflares on Planetary Habitability
• Stellar flares detected with the Next Generation Transit Survey
• Active red giants: close binaries versus single rapid rotators
• Rotation-activity relations and flares of M dwarfs with K2 long- and short-cadence data
• Low-frequency monitoring of flare star binary CR Draconis: Long-term electron-cyclotron maser emission
• Finding flares in Kepler data using machine learning tools
• Short Duration Stellar Flares in GALEX Data
• A census of Coronal Mass Ejections on solar-like stars
• 10 Years of Stellar Activity for GJ 1243
• Detection of a giant flare displaying quasi-periodic pulsations from a pre-main sequence M star with NGTS
• AU Microscopii in the FUV: Observations in Quiescence, During Flares, and Implications for AU Mic b and c
• Search for flares and associated CMEs on late-type main-sequence stars in optical SDSS spectra
• A Circular White-Light Flare with Impulsive and Gradual White-Light Kernels
• Galactic Kinematics and Observed Flare Rates of a Volume-Complete Sample of Mid-to-Late M-dwarfs: Constraints on the History of the Stellar Radiation Environment of Planets Orbiting Low-mass Stars
• K2 Ultracool Dwarfs Survey II: The White Light Flare Rate of Young Brown Dwarfs
• A Catalog of M-dwarf Flares with ASAS-SN
• Tuning the Exo-Space Weather Radio for Stellar Coronal Mass Ejections
• Constraining the Physical Properties of Stellar Coronal Mass Ejections with Coronal Dimming: Application to Far Ultraviolet Data of $\epsilon$ Eridani
• Simultaneous Multiwavelength Flare Observations of EV Lacertae
• APO & SMARTS flare star campaign observations I. Blue wing asymmetries in chromospheric lines during mid M dwarf flares from simultaneous spectroscopic and photometric observation data
• A $75\%$ Occurrence Rate of Debris Discs around F stars in the $\beta$ Pic Moving Group
• Stellar Coronal Mass Ejections
• Faraday Rotation Measure Variations of Repeating Fast Radio Burst Sources
• Self-Organized Criticality in Stellar Flares
• A Seven-Day Multi-Wavelength Flare Campaign on AU Mic I: High-Time Resolution Light Curves and the Thermal Empirical Neupert Effect
• Simultaneous Kepler/K2 and XMM-Netwon observations of superflares in the Pleiades
• Extending Optical Flare Models to the UV: Results from Comparing of TESS and GALEX Flare Observations For M Dwarfs
• Stellar coronal mass ejections II. Constraints from spectroscopic observations
• K2 Ultracool Dwarfs Survey. V. High superflare rates on rapidly rotating late-M dwarfs
• Gaia Data Release 3. Rotational modulation and patterns of colour variations in solar-like variables
• Sun-like stars produce superflares roughly once per century
• Constraints on Stellar Flare Energy Ratios in the NUV and Optical From a Multiwavelength Study of GALEX and Kepler Flare Stars
• Torus-Stable Zone Above Starspots
• Do long-cadence data of {\it Kepler} satellite capture the basic properties of flares ?
• Searching for flaring star-planet interactions in AU Mic TESS observations
• Modeling Kepler Eclipsing Binaries: Homogeneous Inference of Orbital & Stellar Properties
• Photosynthesis on habitable planets around low-mass stars
• Atmospheric mass loss from hot Jupiters irradiated by stellar superflares
• Ground-based detection of G star superflares with NGTS
• The Connection between Starspots and Flares on Main-Sequence Kepler Stars
• Activity Analyses for Solar-type Stars Observed with Kepler. II. Magnetic Feature Versus Flare Activity
• Activity of TRAPPIST-1 analogue stars observed with TESS
• Fast optical flares from M dwarfs detected by a one-second-cadence survey with Tomo-e Gozen
• The Time-Domain Spectroscopic Survey: Target Selection for Repeat Spectroscopy
• Testing Self-Organized Criticality Across the Main Sequence using Stellar Flares from TESS
• Stellar Superflares Observed Simultaneously with Kepler and XMM-Newton
• iPTF Archival Search for Fast Optical Transients
• A Study of Flares in the Ultra-Cool Regime from SPECULOOS-South
• An increased rate of large flares at intermediate rotation periods for mid-to-late M dwarfs
• Finding flares in Kepler and TESS data with recurrent deep neural networks
• K2 Ultracool Dwarfs Survey I: Photometry of an L Dwarf Superflare
• Universal Scaling Laws for Solar and Stellar Atmospheric Heating
• Impact of stellar flares on the chemical composition and transmission spectra of gaseous exoplanets orbiting M dwarfs
• Magnetic field and prominences of the young, solar-like, ultra-rapid rotator V530 Per
• Possible Atmospheric Diversity of Low Mass Exoplanets, some Central Aspects
• TOI 540 b: A Planet Smaller than Earth Orbiting a Nearby Rapidly Rotating Low-mass Star
• A Superflare on YZ Canis Minoris Observed by Seimei Telescope and TESS: Red Asymmetry of H$\alpha$ Emission Associated with White-Light Emission
• Superflares on the late-type giant KIC 2852961 -- Scaling effect behind flaring at different energy levels
• Panspermia in a Milky Way-like Galaxy
• The Great Flare of 2021 November 19 on AD Leo. Simultaneous XMM-Newton and TESS observations
• Stellar Proton Event-induced surface radiation dose as a constraint on the habitability of terrestrial exoplanets
• Magnetic activity analysis for a sample of G-type main sequence \emph{Kepler} targets
• Correcting Stellar Flare Frequency Distributions Detected by TESS and Kepler
• The KOBE experiment: K-dwarfs Orbited By habitable Exoplanets. Project goals, target selection and stellar characterization
• Magnetic Flux Transport in Radiatively Inefficient Accretion Flows and the Pathway towards a Magnetically Arrested Disk
• Universal Scaling Laws for Solar and Stellar Atmospheric Heating: Catalog of Power-law Index between Solar Activity Proxies and Various Spectral Irradiances
• A 38 Million Year Old Neptune-Sized Planet in the Kepler Field
• The Detectability of Radio Auroral Emission from Proxima B
• $12660$ spotted stars toward the OGLE Galactic bulge fields
• Stellar flares from blended and neighbouring stars in Kepler short cadence observations
• Frequencies of flare occurrence: Interaction Between convection and coronal loops
• The influence of stellar flare on dynamical state of the atmosphere of exoplanet HD 209458b
• HD 145263: Spectral Observations of Silica Debris Disk Formation via Extreme Space Weathering?
• NGTS clusters survey -- II. White-light flares from the youngest stars in Orion
• Towards the true number of flaring giant stars in the Kepler field. Are there flaring specialities associated with the giant nature?
• Stellar Flares Are Far-Ultraviolet Luminous
• Spectroscopic observations of active solar-analog stars having high X-ray luminosity, as a proxy of superflare stars
• Flares hunting in hot subdwarf and white dwarf stars from Cycles 1-5 of TESS photometry
• Density Based Outlier Scoring on Kepler Data
• Chromospheric and Coronal Activity in the 500-Myr-old Open Cluster M37: Evidence for Coronal Stripping?
• Stellar flare morphology with TESS across the main sequence
• Eta-Earth Revisited II: Deriving a Maximum Number of Earth-like Habitats in the Galactic Disk
• Main-sequence star super-flares based on entire Kepler data
• Characterization of Kepler targets based on medium-resolution LAMOST spectra analyzed with ROTFIT
• Photometric Flaring Fraction of M dwarf Stars from the SkyMapper Southern Survey
• Identification of Stellar Flares Using Differential Evolution Template Optimization
• Starspots, chromospheric emission lines, and flares of zero-age main-sequence stars
• A $\Delta R\sim 9.5$ mag Super Flare of An Ultracool Star Detected by $\text{SVOM/GWAC}$ System
• Kepler main-sequence solar-like stars: surface rotation and magnetic-activity evolution
• Further evidence of the link between activity and metallicity using the flaring properties of stars in the Kepler field
• New Time-Resolved, Multi-Band Flares In The GJ 65 System With gPhoton
• Lower-than-expected flare temperatures for TRAPPIST-1
• Asteroseismology of two Kepler detached eclipsing binaries
• Allesfitter: Flexible Star and Exoplanet Inference From Photometry and Radial Velocity
• Stellar Shocks From Dark Matter Asteroid Impacts
• Flaring Stars in a Non-targeted mm-wave Survey with SPT-3G
• Flare Activity of Wide Binary Stars with Kepler
• Longitudinally Modulated Dynamo Action in Simulated M-Dwarf Stars
• Observed Rate Variation in Superflaring G-type Stars
• Simultaneous eROSITA and TESS observations of the ultra-active star AB~Doradus
• The Kepler Smear Campaign: Light curves for 102 Very Bright Stars
• Additional JWST/NIRSpec Transits of the Rocky M Dwarf Exoplanet GJ 1132 b Reveal a Featureless Spectrum
• SNAD catalogue of M-dwarf flares from the Zwicky Transient Facility
• The Puzzling Story of Flare Inactive Ultra Fast Rotating M dwarfs. I. Exploring their Magnetic Fields
• Minute-cadence Observations of the LAMOST Fields with the TMTS: III. Statistic Study of the Flare Stars from the First Two Years
• A systematic study of $\gamma$-ray flares from the Crab Nebula with Fermi-LAT: I. flare detection
• Superflares on solar-like stars: A new method for identifying the true flare sources in photometric surveys
• Estimating the Convective Turnover Time
• TOI-712: a system of adolescent mini-Neptunes extending to the habitable zone
• Flare Activity and Magnetic Feature Analysis of the Flare Stars
• XUV irradiation of young planetary atmospheres. Results from a joint XMM-Newton and HST observation of HIP67522
• Spectroscopic observations of flares and superflares on AU Mic
• Coronal Heating as Determined by the Solar Flare Frequency Distribution Obtained by Aggregating Case Studies
• DIAmante TESS AutoRegressive Planet Search (DTARPS): I. Analysis of 0.9 Million Light Curves
• Finite System-Size Effects in Self-Organized Criticality Systems
• EMISSA -- Exploring Millimetre Indicators of Solar-Stellar Activity II. Towards a robust indicator of stellar activity
• Searching for stellar flares from low mass stars using ASKAP and TESS
• Multi-Wavelength Photometry Derived from Monochromatic Kepler Data
• Contemporaneous Observations of $H\alpha$ Luminosities and Photometric Amplitudes for M Dwarfs
• A Seven-Day Multi-Wavelength Flare Campaign on AU Mic III: Quiescent and Flaring Properties of the X-ray Spectra and Chromospheric lines
• Effects of transient stellar emissions on planetary climates of tidally-locked exo-earths
• Seeking echoes of circumstellar disks in Kepler light curves
• Flare Activity and Magnetic Feature Analysis of the Flare Stars II: Sub-Giant Branch
• Convolutional Neural Networks for Searching Superflares from Pixel-level Data of the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite
• Double eclipsing binary system KIC 3832716
• Stationary quasi-periodic pulsations in 20-second cadence TESS flares
• Theoretical and Observational Evidence for Coriolis Effects in Coronal Magnetic Fields Via Direct Current Driven Flaring Events
• X-ray variability of the triplet star system LTT1445 and evaporation history of the exoplanets around its A component
• Searching for stellar cycles on low mass stars using TESS data
• TOI-3568 b: a super-Neptune in the sub-Jovian desert
• Protective Effects of Halite to Vacuum and Vacuum-Ultraviolet Radiation: A Potential Scenario During a Young Sun Superflare
• Low-mass and sub-stellar eclipsing binaries in stellar clusters
• Detection of Optical Flares on the Selected G-M Dwarfs from Long-term Photometric Series
• Fast Photometric Variability of Very Low Mass Stars in IC 348: Detection of Superflare in an M-dwarf
• Polarization Criterion in Targeted SETI Observation
• Is the high-energy environment of K2-18b special?
• New cases of super-flares on slowly rotating solar-type stars and large amplitude super-flares in G- and M-type main-sequence stars
• Detecting stellar flares in photometric data using hidden Markov models
• Long-term stellar activity of M dwarfs: A combined K2 and TESS study of two early M-type stars
• Enhancing the detection of low-energy M dwarf flares: Wavelet-based denoising of CHEOPS data
• Flare frequency in M dwarfs belonging to Young Moving Groups
• Photometric and Spectroscopic Analysis of V583 Lyrae, an Algol with a g-mode Pulsating Primary and Accretion Disk
• Flaring Latitudes in Ensembles of Low Mass Stars
• CaII and H$\alpha$ flaring M dwarfs detected with multi-filter photometry
• Quantifying the Effect of Short-timescale Stellar Activity Upon Transit Detection in M Dwarfs
• Chirality and magnetic configuration associated with two-ribbon solar flares: AR 10930 versus AR 11158
• NGTS-EB-8: A double-lined eclipsing M+M binary discovered by citizen scientists
• On The Unusual Variability of 2MASS J06195260-2903592: A Long-Lived Disk around a Young Ultracool Dwarf
• Young M dwarfs flare activity model: Towards better exoplanetary atmospheric characterisation
• Multi-Viewpoint Observation of a Failed Prominence Eruption on the Sun
• Exploring stellar activity in a sample of active M dwarfs
• HiPERCAM and TESS observations of the rapidly rotating M7V star LP 89--187
• Quantum Machine Learning for Identifying Transient Events in X-ray Light Curves
• Why M-dwarf flares have limited impact on the atmospheric evaporation of sub-Neptunes and Earth-sized planets
• The long-term evolution of stellar activity
• Role of non-thermal processes in the quiescent and active millimeter spectrum of a young M dwarf
• The reason for the occurrence of W-type contact binaries
• Twinkle Twinkle Little Star, Roman Sees Where You Are: Predicting Exoplanet Transit Yields in the Rosette Nebula with the Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope
• Near Ultraviolet Transient Explorer (NUTEx): A CubeSat-Based NUV Imaging Payload for Transient Sky Surveys
• Dynamic Photometric Variability in Three Young Brown Dwarfs in Taurus: Detection of Optical Flares with TESS data
• KIC 6464285: A Solar-type Eclipsing Binary in a Hierarchical Triple System with Quasi-periodic Out-of-eclipse Modulations
• Stellar flare-driven evolution of primordial early exo-Earth atmospheres: Insights from a Young M Dwarf Flare model
• Characteristics of Kepler Eclipsing Binaries Displaying a Significant O'Connell Effect
• Stellar flare study of nearby young moving group members with TESS Data