A terrestrial planet candidate in a temperate orbit around Proxima Centauri

Abstract

At a distance of 1.295 parsecs, the red-dwarf Proxima Centauri ($\alpha$ Centauri C, GL 551, HIP 70890, or simply Proxima) is the Sun's closest stellar neighbor and one of the best studied low-mass stars. It has an effective temperature of only $\sim$ 3050 K, a luminosity of $\sim$0.1 per cent solar, a measured radius of 0.14 R${}_{\odot }$ and a mass of about 12 per cent the mass of the Sun. Although Proxima is considered a moderately active star, its rotation period is $\sim$ 83 days, and its quiescent activity levels and X-ray luminosity are comparable to the Sun's. New observations reveal the presence of a small planet orbiting Proxima with a minimum mass of 1.3~Earth masses and an orbital period of $\sim$11.2 days. Its orbital semi-major axis is $\sim 0.05$ AU, with an equilibrium temperature in the range where water could be liquid on its surface.

Version accepted for publication by Nature (unedited, July 7th, 2016), figures inserted in text for easier read. Article body : 10 pages, 3 figures, 1 table. Methods section : 23 pages, 9 figures, 1 table. IMPORTANT NOTE : Acknowledgment to IAA/CSIC researchers Javier Pascual Granado and Rafael Garrido added for useful discussions and feedback on the mathematical properties of time-series

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• Serendipitous discovery of radio flaring behaviour from a nearby M dwarf with MeerKAT
• Correcting Stellar Flare Frequency Distributions Detected by TESS and Kepler
• Lightning-induced chemistry on tidally-locked Earth-like exoplanets
• An Earth-like stellar wind environment for Proxima Centauri c
• Flare activity and photospheric analysis of Proxima Centauri
• Two Jovian planets around the giant star HD202696. A growing population of packed massive planetary pairs around massive stars?
• Behind the Mask: can HARMONI@ELT detect biosignatures in the reflected light of Proxima b?
• Drift Rates of Narrowband Signals in Long-term SETI Observations for Exoplanets
• Spectral and Temporal Variability of Earth Observed in Polarization
• On the bio-habitability of M-dwarf planets
• Role of stellar physics in regulating the critical steps for life
• Transit Ly-$\alpha$ signatures of terrestrial planets in the habitable zones of M dwarfs
• Upper limits for Mass and Radius of objects around Proxima Cen from SPHERE/VLT
• $\text{Wapiti}$: a data-driven approach to correct for systematics in RV data -- Application to SPIRou data of the planet-hosting M dwarf GJ 251
• A Helicity-Based Method to Infer the CME Magnetic Field Magnitude in Sun and Geospace: Generalization and Extension to Sun-Like and M-Dwarf Stars and Implications for Exoplanet Habitability
• The Detectability of Radio Auroral Emission from Proxima B
• Habitable planet formation around low-mass stars: Rapid accretion, rapid debris removal and the essential contribution of external giants
• Electromagnetic forces on a relativistic spacecraft in the interstellar medium
• A New Method For Studying Exoplanet Atmospheres Using Planetary Infrared Excess
• Hydrohalite Salt-albedo Feedback Could Cool M-dwarf Planets
• Dispersed Matter Planet Project Discoveries of Ablating Planets Orbiting Nearby Bright Stars
• Earth${}^{\prime }$s polar night boundary layer as an analogue for dark side inversions on synchronously rotating terrestrial exoplanets
• Very Low-Mass Stars and Brown Dwarfs in Upper Scorpius using Gaia DR1: Mass Function, Disks and Kinematics
• Large Interferometer For Exoplanets (LIFE): IX. Assessing the Impact of Clouds on Atmospheric Retrievals at Mid-Infrared Wavelengths with a Venus-Twin Exoplanet
• Transit Visibility Zones of the Solar System Planets
• On the Orbital Inclination of Proxima Centauri b
• 10,000 Resolved Triples from Gaia: Empirical Constraints on Triple Star Populations
• A quarter century of spectroscopic monitoring of the nearby M dwarf Gl 514. A super-Earth on an eccentric orbit moving in and out of the habitable zone
• Was Proxima captured by alpha Centauri A and B?
• HADES RV Programme with HARPS-N at TNG VI. GJ 3942 b behind dominant activity signals
• High Resolution Spectroscopy and High Contrast Imaging with the ELT : looking for O${}_2$ in Proxima b
• Detailed chemical compositions of planet-hosting stars: II. Exploration of the interiors of terrestrial-type exoplanets
• Large Interferometer For Exoplanets (LIFE). X. Detectability of currently known exoplanets and synergies with future IR/O/UV reflected-starlight imaging missions
• Measuring and characterizing the line profile of HARPS with a laser frequency comb
• Copernicanism and the Typicality in Time
• Exploring plausible formation scenarios for the planet candidate orbiting Proxima Centauri
• Exoplanet Transits with Next-Generation Radio Telescopes
• High Resolution Spectroscopy using Fabry Perot Intereferometer Arrays: An Application to Searches for O${}_2$ in Exoplanetary Atmospheres
• Longitudinally asymmetric stratospheric oscillation on a tidally locked exoplanet
• Optical and Near-Infrared Radial Velocity Content of M Dwarfs: Testing Models with Barnard's Star
• The atmospheric parameters of FGK stars using wavelet analysis of CORALIE spectra
• Relativistic Generalization of the Incentive Trap of Interstellar Travel with Application to Breakthrough Starshot
• A Super-Earth Orbiting Near the Inner Edge of the Habitable Zone around the M4.5-dwarf Ross 508
• Stellar Influence on Heavy Ion Escape from Unmagnetized Exoplanets
• Life on Exoplanets In the Habitable Zone of M-Dwarfs?
• Exocomets in the Proxima Centauri system and their importance for water transport
• Low-cost precursor of an interstellar mission
• Predicting multiple planet stability and habitable zone companions in the TESS era
• The HADES RV Programme with HARPS-N at TNG XI. GJ 685 b: a warm super-Earth around an active M dwarf
• Revisiting the space weather environment of Proxima Centauri b
• 3-D climate simulations for the detectability of Proxima Centauri b
• Astrometric Constraints on the Masses of Long-Period Gas Giant Planets in the TRAPPIST-1 Planetary System
• Relativistic light sails need to billow
• The Detectability of Nightside City Lights on Exoplanets
• Searching for the Transit of the Earth--mass exoplanet Proxima~Centauri~b in Antarctica: Preliminary Result
• Stable habitable zones of single Jovian planet systems
• The Atmospheres of Rocky Exoplanets II. Influence of surface composition on the diversity of cloud condensates
• Tidal excitation of the obliquity of Earth-like planets in the habitable zone of M-dwarf stars
• Biofluorescent Worlds II. Biological fluorescence induced by stellar UV flares, a new temporal biosignature
• Earth as an Exoplanet. II. Earth's Time-variable Thermal Emission and Its Atmospheric Seasonality of Bioindicators
• Ejection of close-in super-Earths around low-mass stars in the giant impact stage
• MHD simulations of the space weather in Proxima b: Habitability conditions and radio emission
• Stability of planets in triple star systems
• New ultracool dwarf neighbours within 20pc from Gaia DR2
• The Mouse that Squeaked: A small flare from Proxima Cen observed in the millimeter, optical, and soft X-ray with Chandra and ALMA
• Calculations of periodicity from Hα profiles of Proxima Centauri
• Directly testing gravity with Proxima Centauri
• Estimating $T_{\mathrm{eff}}$, radius and luminosity of M-dwarfs using high resolution optical and NIR spectral features
• Predictions of planet detections with near infrared radial velocities in the up-coming SPIRou Legacy Survey-Planet Search
• Searching for the near infrared counterpart of Proxima c using multi-epoch high contrast SPHERE data at VLT
• Gravity-Darkened Seasons: Insolation Around Rapid Rotators
• Chromospheric and Coronal Activity in the 500-Myr-old Open Cluster M37: Evidence for Coronal Stripping?
• Two planetary systems with transiting Earth-size and super-Earth planets orbiting late-type dwarf stars
• Thermal and orbital evolution of low-mass exoplanets
• Characterization of the Wolf 1061 Planetary System
• Modelling the 3D Climate of Venus with OASIS
• A generic frequency dependence for the atmospheric tidal torque of terrestrial planets
• Photosynthesis on Exoplanets and Exomoons from Reflected Light
• Photometric rotation periods for 107 M dwarfs from the APACHE survey
• Earth as an Exoplanet: I. Time variable thermal emission using spatially resolved MODIS data
• Confirmation of the Long-Period Planet Orbiting Gliese 411 and the Detection of a New Planet Candidate
• A dense mini-Neptune orbiting the bright young star HD 18599
• The RoPES project with HARPS and HARPS-N. I. A system of super-Earths orbiting the moderately active K-dwarf HD 176986
• Magnetic properties of Proxima Centauri b analogues
• A giant planet shaping the disk around the very low-mass star CIDA 1
• A compact multi-planet system around a bright nearby star from the Dispersed Matter Planet Project
• Relative abundances of CO2, CO, and CH4 in atmospheres of Earth-like lifeless planets
• The Single-mode Complex Amplitude Refinement (SCAR) coronagraph: I. Concept, theory and design
• Triaxial Deformation and Asynchronous Rotation of Rocky Planets in the Habitable Zone of Low-Mass Stars
• EXPRES. II. Searching for Planets Around Active Stars: A Case Study of HD 101501
• Absolute Ca II H & K and H-alpha flux measurements of low-mass stars: Extending $R_{\mathrm{HK}}^{\prime }$ to M dwarfs
• Ross 128 -- GL 447A possible activity cycle for a slow-rotating fully-convective star
• Electric sails are potentially more effective than light sails near most stars
• A super-Earth on a close-in orbit around the M1V star GJ 740. A HADES and CARMENES collaboration
• Radial velocity homogeneous analysis of M dwarfs observed with HARPS I. Exoplanet detection and candidates
• Pointing Chandra Toward the Extreme Ultraviolet Fluxes of Very Low-Mass Stars
• Visible-Light Photoionization of Aromatic Molecules in Water-Ice: Organic Chemistry across the Universe with Less Energy
• H${}_2$ Fluorescence in M Dwarf Systems: A Stellar Origin
• Exomoons in Systems with a Strong Perturber: Applications to $\alpha$ Cen AB
• Europium as a lodestar: diagnosis of radiogenic heat production in terrestrial exoplanets
• Diving into the planetary system of Proxima with NIRPS -- Breaking the metre per second barrier in the infrared
• MIRECLE: Science Yield for a Mid-IR Explorer-Class Mission to Study Non-Transiting Rocky Planets Orbiting the Nearest M-Stars Using Planetary Infrared Excess
• Design, pointing control, and on-sky performance of the mid-infrared vortex coronagraph for the VLT/NEAR experiment
• Exploring exomoon atmospheres with an idealized general circulation model
• Can comets deliver prebiotic molecules to rocky exoplanets?
• Interferometric Measurement of Acceleration at Relativistic Speeds
• Temporal changes of the flare activity of Proxima Cen
• Vortex fiber nulling for exoplanet observations: conceptual design, theoretical performance, and initial scientific yield predictions
• High-resolution reflection spectra for Proxima b and Trappist-1e models for ELT observations
• Eclipse, transit and occultation geometry of planetary systems at exo-syzygy
• Earth as an Exoplanet. III. Using Empirical Thermal Emission Spectra as an Input for Atmospheric Retrieval of an Earth-twin Exoplanet
• The most sensitive SETI observations toward Barnard's star with FAST
• On mapping exoplanet atmospheres with high-dispersion spectro-polarimetry. Some model predictions
• Universal scaling relation for magnetic sails: momentum braking in the limit of dilute interstellar media
• Magnetized winds of M-type stars and star-planet magnetic interactions: uncertainties and modeling strategy
• The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs. Revisiting the GJ 581 multi-planetary system with new Doppler measurements from CARMENES, HARPS, and HIRES
• A Multi-Year Search For Transits Of Proxima Centauri. I: Light Curves Corresponding To Published Ephemerides
• Three small transiting planets around the M dwarf host star LP 358-499
• HiFLEx -- a highly flexible package to reduce cross-dispersed echelle spectra
• An Early Catalog of Planet Hosting Multiple Star Systems of Order Three and Higher
• Space Technology for Directly Imaging and Characterizing Exo-Earths
• The Impact of Planetary Rotation Rate on the Reflectance and Thermal Emission Spectrum of Terrestrial Exoplanets Around Sun-like Stars
• A dynamical origin for planets in triple star systems
• The high energy spectrum of Proxima Centauri simultaneously observed at X-ray and FUV wavelengths
• High-Resolution spectral models of TRAPPIST-1e seen as a Pale Blue Dot for ELT and JWST observations
• Grain Growth in the Dust Ring with Crescent around Very Low Mass Star ZZ Tau IRS with JVLA
• On the feasibility of studying the exospheres of Earth-like exoplanets by Lyman-alpha monitoring. Detectability constraints for nearby M stars
• High-Resolution Spectral Discriminants of Ocean Loss for M Dwarf Terrestrial Exoplanets
• Searching for planetary signals in Doppler time series: a performance evaluation of tools for periodograms analysis
• Evolution of $\alpha$ Centauri B's protoplanetary disc
• Proxima Centauri -- the nearest planet host observed simultaneously with AstroSat, Chandra and HST
• Reducing activity-induced variations in a radial-velocity time series of the Sun as a star
• The Solar Neighborhood LI: A Variability Survey of Nearby M Dwarfs with Planets from Months to Decades with TESS and the CTIO/SMARTS 0.9 m Telescope
• How far are Extraterrestrial Life and Intelligence after Kepler ?
• The strong suppression of Galactic cosmic rays reaching AU Mic b, c and Prox Cen b
• Planet formation and disk mass dependence in a pebble-driven scenario for low mass stars
• Identifying Exoplanets with Deep Learning. IV. Removing Stellar Activity Signals from Radial Velocity Measurements Using Neural Networks
• Aliasing in the Radial Velocities of YZ Ceti: An Ultra-Short Period for YZ Ceti c?
• Observation of a possible superflare on Proxima Centauri
• The effective temperature -- radius relationship of M-dwarfs
• Two warm Earth-sized exoplanets and an Earth-sized candidate in the M5V-M6V binary system TOI-2267
• Exoplanetary Detection By Multifractal Spectral Analysis
• DMPP-4: Candidate sub-Neptune mass planets orbiting a naked-eye star
• Estimating Planetary Mass with Deep Learning
• A Search for Optical Laser Emission from Proxima Centauri
• Radial velocity survey of spatially resolved young, low-mass binaries
• Direct detection and characterization of M-dwarf planets using light echoes
• Pursuing Truth: Improving Retrievals on Mid-Infrared Exo-Earth Spectra with Physically Motivated Water Abundance Profiles and Cloud Models
• Photogravimagnetic assists of light sails: a mixed blessing for Breakthrough Starshot?
• Interstellar communication. II. Application to the solar gravitational lens
• On the eccentricity of Proxima b
• The impact of unresolved magnetic spots on high precision radial velocity measurements
• Robustness of Gaian Feedbacks to Climate Perturbations
• Habitability in Brown Dwarf Systems
• Fourth-order Coronagraph for High-Contrast Imaging of Exoplanets with Off-axis Segmented Telescopes
• Identifying Exo-Earth Candidates in Direct Imaging Data through Bayesian Classification
• ExoplANNET: A deep learning algorithm to detect and identify planetary signals in radial velocity data
• Atmospheric thermal tides and planetary spin I. The complex interplay between stratification and rotation
• The Habitability of GJ 357 d : Possible Climates and Observability
• Exoplanet Atmosphere Measurements from Direct Imaging
• Planet Occurrence: Doppler and Transit Surveys
• New Self-lensing Models of the Small Magellanic Cloud: Can Gravitational Microlensing Detect Extragalactic Exoplanets?
• A transiting super-Earth close to the inner edge of the habitable zone of an M0 dwarf star
• J-PLUS: Discovery and characterisation of ultracool dwarfs using Virtual Observatory tools
• Modal noise mitigation for high-precision spectroscopy using a photonic reformatter
• Searching for a cometary belt around Trappist-1 with ALMA
• Characterization of Low Mass K2 Planet Hosts Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy
• Searching for star-planet interactions in GJ 486 at radio wavelengths with the uGMRT
• Gl 725A b: a potential super-Earth detected with SOPHIE and SPIRou in an M dwarf binary system at 3.5 pc
• Delivery of icy planetesimals to inner planets in the Proxima Centauri planetary system
• Interstellar Meteors from Tidal Disruption of Rocky Planets on Eccentric Orbits Around M Dwarfs
• Randomization Inference of Periodicity in Unequally Spaced Time Series with Application to Exoplanet Detection
• The Fast Atmospheric Self-Coherent Camera Technique: Laboratory Results and Future Directions
• Stellar Coronal and Wind Models: Impact on Exoplanets
• Detecting 3D vegetation structure with the Galileo space probe: Can a distant probe detect vegetation structure on Earth?
• The Proxima Centauri Campaign -- First Constraints On Millimeter Flare Rates from ALMA
• Detecting Atmospheric Molecules of Temperate Terrestrial Exoplanets using High-Resolution Spectroscopy in the Mid Infrared Domain
• Future Exoplanet Research: Science Questions and How to Address Them
• Influence of Biomass Emissions upon Habitability, Biosignatures and Detectability in Earth-like Atmospheres
• Illusion and Reality in the Atmospheres of Exoplanets
• One of Everything: The Breakthrough Listen Exotica Catalog
• A Case Study of Interstellar Material Delivery: α Centauri
• Relativistic Astronomy. II. In-Flight Solution of Motion and Test of Special Relativity Light Aberration
• Optimal frequency-domain analysis for spacecraft time series: Introducing the missing-data multitaper power spectrum estimator
• Exosphere Modeling of Proxima b: A Case Study of Photochemical Escape with a Venus-like Atmosphere
• The Potential of Detecting Nearby Terrestrial Planets in the HZ with Different Methods
• SAFARI I: A SPHERE discovery of a super metal-rich M dwarf companion to the star HD 86006
• Deriving High-Precision Radial Velocities
• A systematic study of \ce{CO2} planetary atmospheres and their link to the stellar environment
• Wave optics of the solar gravity lens
• The Importance of 3D General Circulation Models for Characterizing the Climate and Habitability of Terrestrial Extrasolar Planets
• The corona of a fully convective star with a near-polar flare
• Densified pupil spectrograph as high-precision radial velocimetry: From direct measurement of the Universe's expansion history to characterization of nearby habitable planet candidates
• Onboard Dynamic Image Exposure Control for the Star-Planet Activity Research CubeSat (SPARCS)
• Dynamical evolution and stability maps of the Proxima Centauri system
• Application of Adaptive Optics for Illumination Stability in Precision Radial Velocity Measurements in Astronomical Spectroscopy
• The Detectability of Earth's Biosignatures Across Time
• Occulter to Earth: Prospects for studying Earth-like planets with the E-ELT and a space-based occulter
• Distinguishing multicellular life on exoplanets by testing Earth as an exoplanet
• The Most Common Habitable Planets II -- Salty Oceans in Low Mass Habitable Planets and Global Climate Evolution
• Asteroids and life: How special is the solar system?
• Expectations for the confirmation of Proxima c from a long-term radial velocity follow-up
• Exoplanets Sciences with Nulling Interferometers and a Single-Mode Fiber-Fed Spectrograph
• A Framework for Planet Detection with Faint Light-curve Echoes
• A simple optimized amplitude pupil mask for attempting to direct imaging of Proxima b with SPHERE/ZIMPOL at VLT
• A review on substellar objects beyond the deuterium burning mass limit: planets, brown dwarfs or what?
• Discovery of a Nearby Habitable Zone Super-Earth Candidate Amenable to Direct Imaging
• Exoplanets: Possible Biosignatures
• The Super-Earth Opportunity - Search for Habitable Exoplanets in the 2020s
• Predicting the Dominant Formation Mechanism of Multi-Planetary Systems
• Exoplanet Terra Incognita
• Are Alien Civilizations Technologically Advanced?
• Avoiding the "Great Filter": A Projected Timeframe for Human Expansion Off-World
• Automated Scheduling of Doppler Exoplanet Observations at Keck Observatory
• The SPIRou Legacy Survey: near-infrared and optical radial velocity analysis of Gl 480 and Gl 382 using SPIRou, HARPS and CARMENES spectrographs
• A Statistical Primer on Classical Period-Finding Techniques in Astronomy
• Radial velocity homogeneous analysis of M dwarfs observed with HARPS. II. Detection limits and planetary occurrence statistics
• A sub-Earth-mass planet orbiting Barnard's star: No evidence of transits in TESS photometry
• Independent Discovery of a Sub-Earth in the Habitable Zone Around a Very Close Solar-Mass Star
• Characterizing the atmosphere of Proxima b with a space-based mid-infrared nulling interferometer
• Detection and characterisation of two VLM binaries: LP 1033-31 and LP 877-72
• Habitability of M dwarfs is a problem for the traditional SETI
• Main ways in which stars influence the climate and surface habitability of their planets
• Tidal effects on stellar activity
• New models of reflection spectra for terrestrial exoplanets: Present and prebiotic Earth orbiting around stars of different spectral types
• Simulations of astrometric planet detection in Alpha Centauri by intensity interferometry
• A new third planet and the dynamical architecture of the HD33142 planetary system
• The climates and thermal emission spectra of prime nearby temperate rocky exoplanet targets
• Exploring stellar activity in a sample of active M dwarfs
• Time-resolved X-ray spectra of Proxima Centauri as seen by XMM-Newton
• Modelling the Milky Way's exoplanet population based on cosmological galaxy simulations
• The SPIRou Legacy Survey: Detection of a nearby world orbiting in the habitable zone of Gl725B achieved by correcting strong telluric contamination in near-infrared radial velocities with WAPITI
• Destruction of "Peas in a Pod?" A Candidate Multi-planet System Around the Nearby, Bright Star, HD208487
• Impacts of Tidal Locking on Magnetospheric Energy Input to Exoplanet Atmospheres
• L 98-59: a Benchmark System of Small Planets for Future Atmospheric Characterization
• Super-Earths, M Dwarfs, and Photosynthetic Organisms: Habitability in the Lab
• The influence of cosmological constant on light deflection in rotating spacetimes via the generalized Gibbons-Werner method
• CARMENES input catalog of M dwarfs VI. A time-resolved Ca II H&K catalog from archival data
• Two examples of the relation between the contemporary science and Plato
• Implications of Neutron Star Mergers for Extraterrestrial Civilizations
• Activity-rotation in the dM4 star Gl 729. A possible chromospheric cycle
• What the Solar System Can Teach Us About Rocky Exoplanets
• Rapid Formation of Super-Earths Around Low-Mass Stars
• Influence of CO versus CH${}_4$ on organic haze formation in atmospheres of diverse terrestrial exoplanets
• MOSES -- The MONET Star and Exoplanet Spectrograph
• Upper Limits on Planet-Induced GHz Radio Emission from Inactive M Dwarfs
• Spin-Orbit Geometry of AU Mic b and c from Back-to-Back Transits Observed Contemporaneously with Magellan PFS, LCOGT, and CHEOPS
• Hydrocarbon complexity and photochemical shielding of prebiotic feedstock molecules in exoplanet atmospheres
• What happened, and who cared? Evidencing research impact retrospectively
• Detectability Simulations of a NIR Surface Biosignature on Proxima Centauri b with Future Space Observatories
• Faint debris disk peering through superflare light echo
• Climate uncertainties caused by unknown land distribution on habitable M-Earths
• Searching for Faint Comoving Companions to the $\alpha$ Centauri system in the VVV Survey Infrared Images
• A Ride to Exoplanets: Finding Potentially Habitable Worlds
• Non-cosmological, Non-Doppler Relativistic Frequency Shift over Astronomical Distances
• A search for millimeter emission from the coldest and closest brown dwarf with ALMA
• Dynamical architecture of the HD 107148 system