ESPRESSO@VLT -- On-sky performance and first results

Abstract

ESPRESSO is the new high-resolution spectrograph of ESO's Very-Large Telescope (VLT). It was designed for ultra-high radial-velocity precision and extreme spectral fidelity with the aim of performing exoplanet research and fundamental astrophysical experiments with unprecedented precision and accuracy. It is able to observe with any of the four Unit Telescopes (UT) of the VLT at a spectral resolving power of 140,000 or 190,000 over the 378.2 to 788.7 nm wavelength range, or with all UTs together, turning the VLT into a 16-m diameter equivalent telescope in terms of collecting area, while still providing a resolving power of 70,000. We provide a general description of the ESPRESSO instrument, report on the actual on-sky performance, and present our Guaranteed-Time Observation (GTO) program with its first results. ESPRESSO was installed on the Paranal Observatory in fall 2017. Commissioning (on-sky testing) was conducted between December 2017 and September 2018. The instrument saw its official start of operations on October 1st, 2018, but improvements to the instrument and re-commissioning runs were conducted until July 2019. The measured overall optical throughput of ESPRESSO at 550 nm and a seeing of 0.65 arcsec exceeds the 10% mark under nominal astro-climatic conditions. We demonstrate a radial-velocity precision of better than 25 cm/s during one night and 50 cm/s over several months. These values being limited by photon noise and stellar jitter show that the performanceis compatible with an instrumental precision of 10 cm/s. No difference has been measured across the UTs neither in throughput nor RV precision. The combination of the large collecting telescope area with the efficiency and the exquisite spectral fidelity of ESPRESSO opens a new parameter space in RV measurements, the study of planetary atmospheres, fundamental constants, stellar characterisation and many other fields.

arXiv comment26 pages, 28 figures

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• Quantifying thermal water dissociation in the dayside photosphere of WASP-121 b using NIRPS
• RedDots: Planetary masses in the GJ1061 system from planet-planet interaction
• A Comparative Test of the LCDM and R_h=ct Cosmologies Based on Upcoming Redshift Drift Measurements
• The metal-poorest tail of the Galactic halo: hypothesis on its origin from precise spectral analysis
• Large-scale variability in macroturbulence driven by pulsations in the rapidly rotating massive star Zeta Oph from high-cadence ESPRESSO spectroscopy and TESS photometry
• True Masses using RV data with Hipparcos and Gaia Astrometry
• Performance of ESPRESSO's high resolution 4x2 binning for characterizing intervening absorbers towards faint quasars
• A tidally detached super Neptune on a strongly misaligned retrograde orbit
• Magnetic field strengths of hot giant exoplanets consistent with Solar System values
• TILARA: Template-Independent Line-by-line Algorithm for Radial velocity Analysis. I. Description of the code and application on a Sun-like star
• ASTRA: A Python Package for Cross-Instrument Stellar and Telluric Template Construction
• Survey for Distant Solar Twins (SDST) -- II. Design, observations and data
• Studying the variability of the He triplet to understand the detection limits of evaporating exoplanet atmospheres
• Open Source High-Resolution Exoplanet Atmosphere Retrievals with POSEIDON
• Gaia21blx: Complete resolution of a binary microlensing event in the Galactic disk
• TOI-4552 b: A new ultra-short period rocky world revealed by NIRPS and TESS
• Radial velocities: direct application of Pierre Connes' shift finding algorithm to Cross-Correlation Functions
• SPORES-HWO. II. Companion Mass Limits and Updated Planet Properties for 120 Future Exoplanet Imaging Targets from 35 yr of Precise Doppler Monitoring
• One H2 molecule per ten million H-atoms reveals sub-pc scale cold overdensities at z~4
• Densities of small planets around the M dwarfs TOI-4336 A and TOI-4342 with ESPRESSO: Three sub-Neptunes, one super-Earth, and a Neptune-mass candidate
• Revisiting $\epsilon$ Eridani with NEID: Identifying New Activity-Sensitive Lines in a Young K Dwarf Star
• Time-resolved p-mode oscillations for subgiant HD 142091 with NEID at WIYN
• A compositional link between rocky exoplanets and their host stars
• Review of detector requirements: some challenges for the present
• Stellar-activity analysis of the nearby M dwarf GJ 526. Multi-dimensional Gaussian-process modelling of RV, FWHM and S-index
• Confirmation of the hot super-Neptune TOI-672 b with NIRPS and HARPS and Insights into the Neptunian desert around M dwarfs
• Power law duality in classical and quantum mechanics
• ExoDNN: Boosting exoplanet detection with artificial intelligence. Application to Gaia Data Release 3
• Do Outer Giants Inflate Neptune-sized Planets? An Architecture-Dependent Mass-Radius Relation
• Chemical Composition of a Palomar 12 Blue Straggler
• Leveraging space-based data from the nearest Solar-type star to better understand stellar activity signatures in radial velocity data
• Revisiting the exoplanet radius valley with host stars from SWEET-Cat
• Astrometric exoplanet detection survives solar-like stellar contamination
• MOSES -- The MONET Star and Exoplanet Spectrograph
• CARMENES detection of the CaII infrared triplet and possible evidence of HeI in the atmosphere of WASP-76b
• The breaking of cold traps and onset of titanium in ultra-hot Jupiter atmospheres: WASP-189b in context
• A speed limit on tachyon fields from cosmological and fine-structure data
• Spectral Ratio Analysis: probing of a new suite of stellar activity indicators as a tool for astrophysical noise mitigation
• $\mathtt{KOBEsim}$: a Bayesian observing strategy algorithm for planet detection in radial velocity blind-search surveys
• Exposure-averaged Gaussian Processes for Combining Overlapping Datasets
• TOI-1201 b: A mini-Neptune transiting a bright and moderately young M dwarf
• Exploring the surface of HD 189733 via Doppler shadow analysis of planetary transits
• Modelling solar radial velocities and photometric variability with SOAPv4
• Sibling Sub-Neptunes Around Sibling M Dwarfs: TOI-521 and TOI-912
• Upside down: GJ3090 b the first retrograde exoplanet around an M dwarf detected with NIRPS
• Friends and Foes: Conditional Occurrence Rates of Exoplanet Companions and their Impact on Radial Velocity Follow-up Surveys