The statistical properties of protostellar discs and their dependence on metallicity

Abstract

We present the analysis of the properties of large samples of protostellar discs formed in four radiation hydrodynamical simulations of star cluster formation. The four calculations have metallicities of 0.01, 0.1, 1 and 3 times solar metallicity. The calculations treat dust and gas temperatures separately and include a thermochemical model of the diffuse interstellar medium. We find the radii of discs of bound protostellar systems tend to decrease with decreasing metallicity, with the median characteristic radius of discs in the 0.01 and 3 times solar metallicity calculations being $\approx 20$ and $\approx 65$ au, respectively. Disc masses and radii of isolated protostars also tend to decrease with decreasing metallicity. We find that the circumstellar discs and orbits of bound protostellar pairs, and the two spins of the two protostars are all less well aligned with each other with lower metallicity than with higher metallicity. These variations with metallicity are due to increased small scale fragmentation due to lower opacities and greater cooling rates with lower metallicity, which increase the stellar multiplicity and increase dynamical interactions. We compare the disc masses and radii of protostellar systems from the solar metallicity calculation with recent surveys of discs around Class 0 and I objects in the Orion and Perseus star-forming regions. The masses and radii of the simulated discs have similar distributions to the observed Class 0 and I discs.

arXiv comment17 pages, 12 figures

References in corpus (72)

• Low Temperature Opacities
• Modelling Accretion in Protobinary Systems
• Density, Velocity, and Magnetic Field Structure in Turbulent Molecular Cloud Models
• The Formation of a Star Cluster: Predicting the Properties of Stars and Brown Dwarfs
• Giant Planet Occurrence in the Stellar Mass-Metallicity Plane
• Gas-to-Dust mass ratios in local galaxies over a 2 dex metallicity range
• ALMA Survey of Lupus Protoplanetary Disks I: Dust and Gas Masses
• The formation and retention of gas giant planets around stars with a range of metallicities
• Stellar, brown dwarf and multiple star properties from a radiation hydrodynamical simulation of star cluster formation
• The metal-rich nature of stars with planets
• An energy-conserving formalism for adaptive gravitational force softening in SPH and N-body codes
• On the diversity and statistical properties of protostellar discs
• The VLA/ALMA Nascent Disk and Multiplicity (VANDAM) Survey of Orion Protostars. A Statistical Characterization of Class 0 and I Protostellar Disks
• Protostellar Collapse with Various Metallicities
• The Effects of Radiative Transfer on Low-Mass Star Formation
• The Importance of Radiative Feedback for the Stellar Initial Mass Function
• A 0.2 solar mass protostar with a Keplerian disk in the very young L1527 IRS system
• The Formation of Low-Mass Binary Star Systems Via Turbulent Fragmentation
• The Close Binary Fraction of Solar-type Stars is Strongly Anti-correlated with Metallicity
• ALMA unveils rings and gaps in the protoplanetary system HD 169142: signatures of two giant protoplanets
• The Ophiuchus DIsc Survey Employing ALMA (ODISEA) - I : project description and continuum images at 28 au resolution
• A Millimeter Continuum Size-Luminosity Relationship for Protoplanetary Disks
• Dust masses of young disks: constraining the initial solid reservoir for planet formation
• Radiation-Hydrodynamic Simulations of the Formation of Orion-Like Star Clusters II. The Initial Mass Function from Winds, Turbulence, and Radiation
• The thermodynamics of collapsing molecular cloud cores using smoothed particle hydrodynamics with radiative transfer
• Formation of a Keplerian disk in the infalling envelope around L1527 IRS: transformation from infalling motions to Kepler motions
• The Fragmentation of Magnetized, Massive Star-Forming Cores with Radiative Feedback
• The VLA Nascent Disk And Multiplicity Survey of Perseus Protostars (VANDAM). IV. Free-Free Emission from Protostars: Links to Infrared Properties, Outflow Tracers, and Protostellar Disk Masses
• Modelling CO formation in the turbulent interstellar medium
• The dust temperature distribution in prestellar cores
• Signs of Early-Stage Disk Growth Revealed with ALMA
• Physical properties of dusty protoplanetary disks in Lupus: evidence for viscous evolution?
• Protoplanetary Disk Properties in the Orion Nebula Cluster: Initial Results from Deep, High-Resolution ALMA Observations
• Smoothed Particle Magnetohydrodynamics III. Multidimensional tests and the div B = 0 constraint
• Metallicity, planet formation, and disc lifetimes
• Star formation in metal-poor gas clouds
• The Different Structures of the Two Classes of Starless Cores
• Turbulence-induced disc formation in strongly magnetised cloud cores
• A faster algorithm for smoothed particle hydrodynamics with radiative transfer in the flux-limited diffusion approximation
• Is molecular gas necessary for star formation?
• The statistical properties of stars and their dependence on metallicity
• The statistical properties of stars and their dependence on metallicity: the effects of opacity
• Rotation and Outflow motions in the very low-mass Class 0 protostellar system HH 211 at subarcsecond resolution
• Measurement of Circumstellar Disk Sizes in the Upper Scorpius OB Association with ALMA
• Unveiling the Evolutionary Sequence from Infalling Envelopes to Keplerian Disks around Low-Mass Protostars
• The Lifetime of Protoplanetary Disks in a Low-Metallicity Environment
• The effect of dust cooling on low-metallicity star-forming clouds
• There is no magnetic braking catastrophe: Low-mass star cluster and protostellar disc formation with non-ideal magnetohydrodynamics
• Observations of Infalling and Rotational Motions on a 1,000-AU Scale around 17 Class 0 and 0/I Protostars: Hints of Disk Growth and Magnetic Braking?
• ALMA Observations of the Protostar L1527 IRS: Probing Details of the Disk and the Envelope Structures
• The Effects of Magnetic Fields and Protostellar Feedback on Low-mass Cluster Formation
• Dust-cooling--induced Fragmentation of Low-metallicity Clouds
• Synthetic infrared images and spectral energy distributions of a young low-mass stellar cluster
• Resolution requirements for simulating gravitational fragmentation using SPH
• Gravitational instability in protostellar disks at low metallicities
• Observing Simulated Protostars with Outflows: How Accurate are Protostellar Properties Inferred from SEDs?
• The VLA Nascent Disk and Multiplicity Survey: First Look at Resolved Candidate Disks around Class 0 and I Protostars in the Perseus Molecular Cloud
• Fragmentation and Evolution of Molecular Clouds. II: The Effect of Dust Heating
• Binary Formation in Star-Forming Clouds with Various Metallicities
• Disk masses in the Orion Molecular Cloud-2: distinguishing time and environment
• The IMF and multiplicity of stars from gravity, turbulence, magnetic fields, radiation and outflow feedback
• Binary Formation with Different Metallicities: Dependence on Initial Conditions
• Combining radiative transfer and diffuse interstellar medium physics to model star formation
• An ALMA survey of $\lambda$ Orionis disks: from supernovae to planet formation
• Low-metallicity Young Clusters in the Outer Galaxy. II. Sh 2-208
• Growth of dust grains in a low-metallicity gas and its effect on the cloud fragmentation
• Can the Growth of Dust Grains in Low-Metallicity Star-Forming Clouds Affect the Formation of Metal-Poor Low-Mass Stars?
• Implementation of stellar heating feedback in simulations of star cluster formation: effects on the initial mass function
• Emerging trends in metallicity and lithium properties of debris disc stars
• Sink particle radiative feedback in smoothed particle hydrodynamics models of star formation
• Low-metallicity Young Clusters in the Outer Galaxy. III. Sh 2-127
• Search for Alignment of Disk Orientations in Nearby Star-Forming Regions: Lupus, Taurus, Upper Scorpius, $\rho$ Ophiuchi, and Orion

Cited by in corpus (7)

• The evolution of protoplanetary discs in star formation and feedback simulations
• Searching for Giant Exoplanets around M-dwarf Stars (GEMS) I: Survey Motivation
• The statistical properties of stars at redshift, z=5, compared with the present epoch
• Variation of the low-mass end of the stellar initial mass function with redshift and metallicity
• On the frequencies of circumbinary discs in protostellar systems
• The influence of metallicity on a combined stellar and disk evolution
• A Sequoia stellar candidate with very high 7Li and 9Be