Modeling the Orbital Sampling Effect of Extrasolar Moons

Abstract

The orbital sampling effect (OSE) appears in phase-folded transit light curves of extrasolar planets with moons. Analytical OSE models have hitherto neglected stellar limb darkening and non-zero transit impact parameters and assumed that the moon is on a circular, co-planar orbit around the planet. Here, we present an analytical OSE model for eccentric moon orbits, which we implement in a numerical simulator with stellar limb darkening that allows for arbitrary transit impact parameters. We also describe and publicly release a fully numerical OSE simulator (PyOSE) that can model arbitrary inclinations of the transiting moon orbit. Both our analytical solution for the OSE and PyOSE can be used to search for exomoons in long-term stellar light curves such as those by Kepler and the upcoming PLATO mission. Our updated OSE model offers an independent method for the verification of possible future exomoon claims via transit timing variations and transit duration variations. Photometrically quiet K and M dwarf stars are particularly promising targets for an exomoon discovery using the OSE.

arXiv commentpublished in ApJ; 11 figures (8 b/w, 3 col); OSE simulator available at https://github.com/hippke/pyose

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• The nature of the giant exomoon candidate Kepler-1625 b-i
• Large Exomoons unlikely around Kepler-1625 b and Kepler-1708 b
• Application of Orbital Stability and Tidal Migration Constraints for Exomoon Candidates
• On The Feasibility of Exomoon Detection Via Exoplanet Phase Curve Spectral Contrast
• On the Detection of Extrasolar Moons and Rings
• Pandora: A fast open-source exomoon transit detection algorithm
• Stability and detectability of exomoons orbiting HIP 41378 f, a temperate Jovian planet with an anomalously low apparent density
• Exomoons in Systems with a Strong Perturber: Applications to $\alpha$ Cen AB
• Astrophysics with New Horizons: Making the Most of a Generational Opportunity
• Traces of exomoons in computed flux and polarization phase curves of starlight reflected by exoplanets
• Identifying Potential Exomoon Signals with Convolutional Neural Networks
• Updated Studies on Exomoons in the HD 23079 System
• Signal preservation of exomoon transits during light curve folding