The Gaia-ESO Survey: Carbon abundance in the Galactic thin and thick disks

Abstract

This paper focuses on carbon that is one of the most abundant elements in the Universe and is of high importance in the field of nucleosynthesis and galactic and stellar evolution. Even nowadays, the origin of carbon and the relative importance of massive and low- to intermediate-mass stars in producing it is still a matter of debate. In this paper we aim at better understanding the origin of carbon by studying the trends of [C/H], [C/Fe],and [C/Mg] versus [Fe/H], and [Mg/H] for 2133 FGK dwarf stars from the fifth Gaia-ESO Survey internal data release (GES iDR5). The availability of accurate parallaxes and proper motions from Gaia DR2 and radial velocities from GES iDR5 allows us to compute Galactic velocities, orbits and absolute magnitudes and, for 1751 stars, ages via a Bayesian approach. Three different selection methodologies have been adopted to discriminate between thin and thick disk stars. In all the cases, the two stellar groups show different abundance ratios, [C/H], [C/Fe], and [C/Mg], and span different age intervals, with the thick disk stars being, on average, older than those in the thin disk. The behaviours of [C/H], [C/Fe], and [C/Mg] versus [Fe/H], [Mg/H], and age all suggest that C is primarily produced in massive stars like Mg. The increase of [C/Mg] for young thin disk stars indicates a contribution from low-mass stars or the increased C production from massive stars at high metallicities due to the enhanced mass loss. The analysis of the orbital parameters Rmed and |Zmax| support an "inside-out" and "upside-down" formation scenario for the disks of Milky Way.

arXiv comment27 pages, 15 figures

References in corpus (65)

• Gaia Data Release 2. Summary of the contents and survey properties
• Local Kinematics and the Local Standard of Rest
• The Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment (APOGEE)
• Exploring the Milky Way stellar disk. A detailed elemental abundance study of 714 F and G dwarf stars in the Solar neighbourhood
• The mass distribution and gravitational potential of the Milky Way
• Elemental Abundance Survey of The Galactic Thick Disk
• New constraints on the chemical evolution of the solar neighbourhood and Galactic disc(s). Improved astrophysical parameters for the Geneva-Copenhagen Survey
• The GALAH Survey: Scientific Motivation
• Gaia Data Release 2: Photometric content and validation
• Stellar evolution with rotation VIII: Models at Z = 10^{-5} and CNO yields for early galactic evolution
• The Ages of Stars
• The age structure of stellar populations in the solar vicinity. Clues of a two-phase formation history of the Milky Way disk
• The peculiar solar composition and its possible relation to planet formation
• A three-dimensional Galactic extinction model
• Quantifying the uncertainties of chemical evolution studies. II. Stellar yields
• On The Cosmic Origins Of Carbon And Nitrogen
• Galactoseismology: Discovery of Vertical Waves in the Galactic Disk
• Fossil Signatures of Ancient Accretion Events in the Halo
• A Prescription for Building the Milky Way's Halo from Disrupted Satellites
• Oxygen, Carbon and Nitrogen evolution in galaxies
• Vertical distribution of Galactic disk stars I - Kinematics and metallicity
• Gaia-ESO Survey: The analysis of high-resolution UVES spectra of FGK-type stars
• Order and chaos in the local disc stellar kinematics induced by the Galactic bar
• Isochrone ages for field dwarfs: method and application to the age-metallicity relation
• The evolution of the C/O ratio in metal-poor halo stars
• The Gaia-ESO Survey: radial metallicity gradients and age-metallicity relation of stars in the Milky Way disk
• Chemical Clues on the Formation of Planetary Systems: C/O vs Mg/Si for HARPS GTO Sample
• Chemical evolution of the Galactic bulge as traced by microlensed dwarf and subgiant stars. VI. Age and abundance structure of the stellar populations in the central sub-kpc of the Milky Way
• Galactic Archaeology with asteroseismic ages: evidence for delayed gas infall in the formation of the Milky Way disc
• A new alpha-enhanced super-solar metallicity population
• Distribution functions for the Milky Way
• Carbon, oxygen, and iron abundances in disk and halo stars. Implications of 3D non-LTE spectral line formation
• Kinematics and chemical properties of the Galactic stellar populations. The HARPS FGK dwarfs sample
• Abundances and Kinematics of Field Stars II: Kinematics and Abundance Relationships
• The origin and chemical evolution of carbon in the Galactic thin and thick disks
• Carbon and oxygen abundances in stellar populations
• Abundance gradients in the Milky Way for alpha elements, Iron peak elements, Barium, Lanthanum and Europium
• Towards precise stellar ages: combining isochrone fitting with empirical gyrochronology
• The GALAH survey: An abundance, age, and kinematic inventory of the solar neighbourhood made with TGAS
• The Gaia-ESO Survey: radial distribution of abundances in the Galactic disc from open clusters and young field stars
• The AMBRE Project: chemical evolution models for the Milky Way thick and thin discs
• High-precision stellar abundances of the elements - methods and applications
• Carbon Nitrogen, and Oxygen Galactic Gradients: A Solution to the Carbon Enrichment Problem
• The evolution of CNO isotopes: the impact of massive stellar rotators
• The Gaia-ESO Survey: processing of the FLAMES-UVES spectra
• Chemical evolution of local galaxies in a hierarchical model
• Stellar yields with rotation and their effect on chemical evolution models
• Post first dredge-up [C/N] ratio as age indicator. Theoretical calibration
• The Gaia-ESO Survey: Characterisation of the [alpha/Fe] sequences in the Milky Way discs
• The Gaia-ESO Survey: open clusters in Gaia-DR1 - a way forward to stellar age calibration
• The Evolution of Carbon and Oxygen in the Bulge and Disk of the Milky Way
• Low and intermediate mass star yields: The evolution of carbon abundances
• Testing formation mechanisms of the Milky Way's thick disc with RAVE
• 3D non-LTE line formation of neutral carbon in the Sun
• Carbon and oxygen in metal-poor halo stars
• CNO behaviour in planet-harbouring stars. II. Carbon abundances in stars with and without planets using the CH band
• The origin of carbon: Low-mass stars and an evolving, initially top-heavy IMF?
• Carbon stars in the X-shooter Spectral Library
• Milky Way Tomography with K and M Dwarf Stars: the Vertical Structure of the Galactic Disk
• Estimating stellar ages and metallicities from parallaxes and broadband photometry - successes and shortcomings
• Sources of carbon and the evolution of the abundance of CNO elements
• The Gaia-ESO Survey: the N/O abundance ratio in the Milky Way
• Gaia-ESO Survey: INTRIGOSS - A new library of High Resolution Synthetic Spectra
• Gas accretion in Milky Way-like galaxies: temporal and radial dependencies
• The Chemical Abundance Structure of the Inner Milky Way: A Signature of "Upside-Down" Disk Formation?

Cited by in corpus (24)

• The Gaia-ESO Public Spectroscopic Survey: Implementation, data products, open cluster survey, science, and legacy
• Chemical abundances of 1111 FGK stars from the HARPS GTO planet search program IV. Carbon and C/O ratios for Galactic stellar populations and planet hosts
• The Gaia-ESO Survey: Galactic evolution of lithium from iDR6
• The evolution of CNO elements in galaxies
• Light Elements in the Universe
• Nucleosynthesis of binary-stripped stars
• On the variation of carbon abundance in galaxies and its implications
• The cosmic carbon footprint of massive stars stripped in binary systems
• Stellar Population Astrophysics (SPA) with TNG. The old open clusters Collinder 350, Gulliver 51, NGC 7044, and Ruprecht 171
• Identification of a Group III CEMP-no Star in the Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy Canes Venatici I
• Carbon, isotopic ratio ${}^{12}$C/${}^{13}$C and nitrogen in solar twins: constraints for the chemical evolution of the local disc
• Extended theoretical transition data in C I - IV
• The Galactic Distribution of Phosphorus: A Survey of 163 Disk and Halo Stars
• The homogeneous characterisation of Ariel host stars
• Young giants of intermediate mass Evidence of rotation and mixing
• The Gaia-ESO Survey: Oxygen abundance in the Galactic thin and thick disks
• A hot mini-Neptune in the radius valley orbiting solar analogue HD 110113
• Constructing the Milky Way Stellar Halo in the Galactic Center by Direct Orbit Integration
• Nitrogen evolution in the halo, thick disc, thin disc and bulge of the Galaxy
• Chemical evolution of the Galactic bulge as traced by microlensed dwarf and subgiant stars. VIII. Carbon and oxygen
• CO radial gradients in the bulge of M31
• Carbon from massive binary-stripped stars over cosmic time: effect of metallicity
• Calibrating the metallicity of M dwarfs in wide physical binaries with F-, G-, and K-primaries -- II: Carbon, oxygen, and odd-Z iron-peak abundances of the primary stars
• Caveats about measuring carbon abundances in stars using the CH band