Gaia Data Release 2: Photometric content and validation

Abstract

Aims. We describe the photometric content of the second data release of the Gaia project (Gaia DR2) and its validation along with the quality of the data. Methods. The validation was mainly carried out using an internal analysis of the photometry. External comparisons were also made, but were limited by the precision and systematics that may be present in the external catalogues used. Results. In addition to the photometric quality assessment, we present the best estimates of the three photometric passbands. Various colour-colour transformations are also derived to enable the users to convert between the Gaia and commonly used passbands. Conclusions. The internal analysis of the data shows that the photometric calibrations can reach a precision as low as 2 mmag on individual CCD measurements. Other tests show that systematic effects are present in the data at the 10 mmag level.

This version has corrections to Appendix A. All the SDSS transformations have been corrected. Tables A.1 and A.2 have changed for the SDSS relationships. Three of the subfigures in Figure A.1 have changed. The author list has been expanded

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• Single-lens mass measurement in the high-magnification microlensing event Gaia19bld located in the Galactic disc
• MADYS: the Manifold Age Determination for Young Stars
• Cosmological Evolution of Fermi-LAT Gamma-ray Blazars Using Novel Nonparametric Methods
• A study of the blue straggler population of the old open cluster Collinder 261
• A fresh look at the RR Lyrae population in the Draco dwarf spheroidal galaxy with Gaia
• The Epoch of Giant Planet Migration Planet Search Program. I. Near-Infrared Radial Velocity Jitter of Young Sun-like Stars
• Stars on the edge: Galactic tides and the outskirts of the Sculptor dwarf spheroidal
• Empirical completeness assessment of the Gaia DR2, Pan-STARRS 1 and ASAS-SN-II RR Lyrae catalogues
• The Gaia spectrophotometric standard stars survey -- IV. Results of the absolute photometry campaign
• Open clusters housing classical Cepheids in Gaia DR3
• A Mini-Neptune Orbiting the Metal-poor K Dwarf BD+29 2654
• A Naive Bayes Classifier for identifying Class II YSOs
• The metallicity distribution in the core of the Sagittarus dwarf spheroidal: minimising the metallicity biases
• A revisited study of Cepheids in open clusters in the Gaia era
• Matched photometric catalogs of GALEX UV sources with Gaia DR2 and SDSS DR14 databases (GUVmatch)
• Optical properties of amorphous carbon dust around C-stars: new constraints from 2MASS and Gaia observations
• The metal-poor end of the Spite plateau. II. Detailed chemical investigation
• The Deeper, Wider, Faster Program: Exploring stellar flare activity with deep, fast cadenced DECam imaging via machine learning
• Galactic Calibration of the Tip of the Red Giant Branch
• New ultracool dwarf neighbours within 20pc from Gaia DR2
• On the Metamorphosis of the Bailey diagram for RR Lyrae stars
• The blue straggler population of the open clusters Trumpler 5, Trumpler 20, and NGC 2477
• Searching for the near infrared counterpart of Proxima c using multi-epoch high contrast SPHERE data at VLT
• Search for Dormant Black Holes in Ellipsoidal Variables III. The OGLE BULGE Short-Period Sample
• Mon-735: A new low-mass pre-main sequence eclipsing binary in NGC 2264
• Extended envelopes around Galactic Cepheids. V. Multi-wavelength and time-dependent analysis of IR excess
• From the Inner to Outer Milky Way: A Photometric Sample of 2.6 Million Red Clump Stars
• Limits on a population of collisional-triples as progenitors of Type-Ia supernovae
• Period Change Rates in Large Magellanic Cloud Cepheids Revisited
• Lens parameters for Gaia18cbf -- a long gravitational microlensing event in the Galactic plane
• Spatial and dynamical structure of the NGC 2264 star-forming region
• Assessing Spectroscopic-Binary Multiplicity Properties Using Robo-AO Imaging
• The GALAH Survey: Lithium-strong KM dwarfs
• Gaia predicted brown dwarf detection rates around FGK stars in astrometry, radial velocity, and photometric transits
• The first heavy-metal hot subdwarf composite binary SB 744
• A Nitrogen-Enhanced Metal-Poor star discovered in the globular cluster ESO280-SC06
• Connecting measurements of solar and stellar brightness variations
• Towards a fully consistent Milky Way disk model -- IV. The impact of Gaia DR2 and APOGEE
• Using Action Space Clustering to Constrain the Accretion History of Milky Way like Galaxies
• Fundamental stellar parameters of benchmark stars from CHARA interferometry -- II. Dwarf stars
• The Photo-Astrometric Vertical Tracer Density of the Milky Way II: Results from Gaia
• Identifying Blue Large Amplitude Pulsators in the Galactic Plane using Gaia DR2: a case study
• 2PBC J0658.0-1746: a hard X-ray eclipsing polar in the orbital period gap
• A Study of Stellar Spins in 15 Open Clusters
• Gaia Early Data Release 3: Structure and properties of the Magellanic Clouds
• An absolute mass, precise age, and hints of planetary winds for WASP-121 A and b from a JWST NIRSpec phase curve
• Orbital and atmospheric parameters of two wide O-type subdwarf binaries: BD$-$11${}^{\mathrm{o}}$162 and Feige 80
• Properties of the Hyades, the eclipsing binary HD27130, and the oscillating red giant $\epsilon$ Tau
• Lower-than-expected flare temperatures for TRAPPIST-1
• White dwarf-open cluster associations based on Gaia DR2
• Evidence of New Magnetic Transitions in Late-Type Dwarfs from Gaia DR2
• Hunting Down White Dwarf--Main Sequence Binaries Using Multi-Wavelength Observations
• A search for runaway stars in twelve Galactic supernova remnants
• Assessing the physical reality of Milky Way open cluster candidates
• Isochrone fitting of Galactic globular clusters -- IV. NGC6362 and NGC6723
• Hazy with a chance of star spots: constraining the atmosphere of the young planet, K2-33b
• Gaia DR2 Gravitational Lens Systems I: New lensed quasar candidates around known quasars
• The $\text{Gaia}$ Ultra-Cool Dwarf Sample $-$ III: Seven new multiple systems containing at least one $\text{Gaia}$ DR2 ultra-cool dwarf
• Catalogue of stars measured in the Geneva seven-colour photometric system
• Predictions of astrometric jitter for Sun-like stars. I. The model and its application to the Sun as seen from the ecliptic
• HAT-P-58b -- HAT-P-64b: Seven Planets Transiting Bright Stars
• Evidence of Hubble flow-like motion of young stellar populations away from the Perseus arm
• Precise Measurements of the LMC Bar's Geometry With Gaia DR3 and a Novel Solution to Crowding Induced Incompleteness in Star Counting
• A new white dwarf companion to the $\Delta \mu$ star GJ 3346
• The multiplicity of massive stars in the Scorpius OB1 association through high-contrast imaging
• An Intriguing Globular Cluster in the Galactic Bulge from the VVV Survey
• The Pristine Inner Galaxy Survey (PIGS) IX. The largest detailed chemical analysis of very metal-poor stars in the Sagittarius dwarf galaxy
• The Reduced Proper Motion selected halo: methods and description of the catalogue
• The ambiguous transient ASASSN-17hx. A possible nova-impostor
• Dynamical masses for the Hyades binary 80 Tauri
• Asteroseismic Study of Subgiants and Giants of the Open Cluster M67 using Kepler/K2: Expanded Sample and Precise Masses
• Photometric Determination of Unresolved Main-sequence Binaries in the Pleiades: Binary Fraction and Mass Ratio Distribution
• Isochrone fitting of Galactic globular clusters -- V. NGC6397 and NGC6809 (M55)
• Periodic stellar variability from almost a million NGTS light curves
• The Chemical Composition of Extreme-Velocity Stars
• A spectroscopically confirmed Gaia-selected sample of 318 new young stars within $\sim$200 pc
• Detecting the Orbital Motion of Nearby Supermassive Black Hole Binaries with Gaia
• Binary-driven stellar rotation evolution at the main-sequence turn-off in star clusters
• Connecting the local stellar halo and its dark matter density to dwarf galaxies via blue stragglers
• FEDReD I: 3D extinction and stellar maps by Bayesian deconvolution
• THOR 42: A touchstone $\sim$24 Myr-old eclipsing binary spanning the fully-convective boundary
• NSV 1440: First WZ Sge-type Object in AM CVn stars and candidates
• Multi-waveband detection of quasi-periodic pulsations in a stellar flare on EK Draconis observed by XMM-Newton
• EPIC 216747137: a new HW Vir eclipsing binary with a massive sdOB primary and a low-mass M-dwarf companion
• Coralie radial-velocity search for companions around evolved stars (CASCADES) III. A new Jupiter host-star: in-depth analysis of HD 29399 using TESS data
• Goodness-of-fit test for isochrone fitting in the Gaia era. Statistical assessment of the error distribution
• Potential and sky coverage for off-axis fringe tracking in optical long baseline interferometry
• The breakdown of current gyrochronology as evidenced by old coeval stars
• Gaia GraL: Gaia DR2 Gravitational Lens Systems. IV. Keck/LRIS spectroscopic confirmation of GRAL113100-441959 and model prediction of time-delays
• A Search for Variable Stars in the Globular Cluster M4 with K2
• Towards early-type eclipsing binaries as extragalactic milestones: II. NLTE spectral analysis and stellar parameters of the detached O-type system OGLE-LMC-ECL-06782 in the LMC
• The GALANTE Photometric System
• Chemical analysis of the Bulge Globular Cluster NGC 6553
• The extreme O-type spectroscopic binary HD 93129A
• FEDReD III : Unraveling the 3D structure of Vela
• Blast From the Past: Constraining Progenitor Models of SN 1972E
• Euclid preparation. XXVII. A UV-NIR spectral atlas of compact planetary nebulae for wavelength calibration
• Searching for Variable Stars in the Open Cluster NGC 2355 and Its Surrounding Region
• Towards an X-ray inventory of nearby neutron stars
• Wide binaries in Planetary Nebulae with Gaia DR2
• Spectrophotometric calibration of low-resolution spectra
• Probing the low-mass end of the companion mass function for O-type stars
• Benfords law in the Gaia universe
• The GALANTE photometric survey of the northern Galactic plane: Project description and pipeline
• Optical night sky brightness measurements from the stratosphere
• Gaia Data Release 2: Validation of the classification of RR Lyrae and Cepheid variables with the Kepler and K2 missions
• Refractory and Volatile Species in the UV-to-IR Transmission Spectrum of Ultra-hot Jupiter WASP-178b with HST and JWST
• The globular cluster system of the nearest Seyfert II galaxy Circinus
• RR Lyrae Stars in the Field of Sagittarius II
• Fundamental stellar parameters of benchmark stars from CHARA interferometry -- III. Giant and subgiant stars
• J-PLUS: A catalogue of globular cluster candidates around the M81/M82/NGC3077 triplet of galaxies
• Joint inference of the Milky Way star formation history and IMF from Gaia all-sky $G<13$ data
• A population synthesis study of the Gaia 100 pc unresolved white dwarf-main sequence binary population
• A Homogeneous Catalog of Oscillating Solar-Type Stars Observed by the Kepler Mission and a New Amplitude Scaling Relation Including Chromospheric Activity
• Asteroseismic age constraints on the open cluster NGC 2477 using oscillating stars identified with TESS FFI
• TDCOSMO XVII. New time delays in 22 lensed quasars from optical monitoring with the ESO-VST 2.6m and MPG 2.2m telescopes
• Identification of new nearby white dwarfs using Gaia DR3
• The Frequency and Mass-Ratio Distribution of Binaries in Clusters I: Description of the method and application to M67
• Dust emission, extinction, and scattering in LDN 1642
• The Influence of the Galactic Bar on the Dynamics of Globular Clusters
• Positional Offsets Between SiO Masers in Evolved Stars and their Cross-Matched Counterparts
• Identifying Candidate Optical Variables Using Gaia Data Release 2
• The independent discovery of planet candidates around low mass stars and astrophysical false positives from the first two TESS sectors
• A Very Metal-poor RR Lyrae Star with a Disk Orbit Found in the Solar Neighborhood
• Characterization of M dwarfs Using Optical Mid-Resolution Spectra for Exploration of Small Exoplanets
• The recurrent impact of the Sagittarius dwarf on the Milky Way star formation history
• Astrocladistics of the Jovian Trojan Swarms
• A Monte Carlo Method for Evaluating Empirical Gyrochronology Models and its Application to Wide Binary Benchmarks
• A binary star sequence in the outskirts of the disrupting Galactic open cluster UBC 274
• The GALAH survey: unresolved triple Sun-like stars discovered by the Gaia mission
• Young stars raining through the Galactic Halo: the nature and orbit of Price-Whelan 1
• Dynamical masses across the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram
• Gaia: the Galaxy in six (and more) dimensions
• Approximate analytical description of the high latitude extinction
• A magnitude-limited catalogue of unresolved white dwarf-main sequence binaries from Gaia DR3
• Discovery of an M-type Companion to the Herbig Ae Star V1787 Ori
• Fine structure in the luminosity function in young stellar populations with Gaia DR2
• Gaia Data Release 2: Specific characterisation and validation of all-sky Cepheids and RR Lyrae stars
• On the Properties of the Galactic Dust Layer within 700 pc of the Sun
• High-precision photometric and high-resolution spectroscopic characterisation of HD 180347
• Confirming the Tidal Tails of the Young Open Cluster Blanco 1 with TESS Rotation Periods
• The GALAH survey: Multiple stars and our Galaxy. I. A comprehensive method for deriving properties of FGK binary stars
• An Intermediate Velocity HI Cloud Falling to the Galactic Disk; Possible Evidence for Low Metallicity HI Gas Originated Outside the Galactic Disk
• Rotation state, colors, and albedo of the mission-accessible tiny near-Earth asteroid 2001 QJ${}_{142}$
• Third Nearest WZ Sge-Type Dwarf Nova candidate ASASSN-14dx Classified on the Basis of Gaia Data Release 2
• MOA-2019-BLG-008Lb: a new microlensing detection of an object at the planet/brown dwarf boundary
• Star and Cluster Formation in the Sh2-112 Filamentary Cloud Complex
• Clash of Titans: The Impact of Cluster Mergers in the Galaxy Cluster Red Sequence
• A revised view of the Canis Major stellar overdensity with DECam and Gaia: new evidence of a stellar warp of blue stars
• Three New Late-type Hypervelocity Star Candidates from Gaia DR2 with Refined Selection Criteria
• PTFO 8-8695: Two Stars, Two Signals, No Planet
• Simplifying asteroseismic analysis of solar-like oscillators: An application of principal component analysis for dimensionality reduction
• An Unsupervised Machine Learning Approach to Identify Spectral Energy Distribution Outliers: Application to the S-PLUS DR4 data
• Revisiting Kepler-444 Part I. Seismic modelling and inversions of stellar structure
• The CGM-GRB Study II: Outflow-Galaxy Connection at z ~ 2-6
• CoSHA: Code for Stellar properties Heuristic Assignment -- for the MaStar stellar library
• A global view on the colliding-wind binary WR 147
• Open cluster age calibration from colour-magnitude morphological indices using Gaia DR3 data
• A Statistical Relation between Mass, Age and Velocity Dispersion in the Solar Neighborhood
• Dust dissipation timescales in the intermediate and outer regions of protoplanetary disks
• Stellar clustering and the kinematics of stars around Collinder 121 using Gaia DR3
• The frequency by mass of Galactic carbon stars inferred from Gaia measurements of star cluster members
• Runaway blue main-sequence stars at high Galactic latitudes. Target selection with Gaia and spectroscopic identification
• The VMC Survey -- LIV. Anomalous Cepheids in the Magellanic Clouds Period-Luminosity relations in the near-infrared bands
• HATS-34b and HATS-46b: Re-characterisation Using TESS and Gaia
• Spectral Evidence of Solar Neighborhood Analogs in CALIFA Galaxies
• Revisiting the near infrared Calcium triplet as metallicity indicator
• WIYN Open Cluster Study LXXXI. Caught in the Act? The Peculiar Red Giant NGC 2243-W2135
• Flare stars in nearby Galactic open clusters based on {\it TESS} data
• Variable stars detection in the field of open cluster NGC 188
• Variable Stars in Sagittarius Globular Clusters I. Arp~2
• Resonant Effects of a Bar on the Galactic Disk Kinematics Perpendicular to Its Plane
• SB 796: a high-velocity RRc star
• Stellar substructures in the Galactic disc and halo: Properties, origins, and evolution
• TOI-1634 b: an Ultra-Short Period Keystone Planet Sitting Inside the M Dwarf Radius Valley
• A Spectroscopic Modelling Method for the Detached Eclipsing Binaries to Derive Atmospheric Parameters
• First space and kinematical analysis of newly discovered southern UFMGs clusters with Gaia
• 200,000+ Deep Learning-inferred Periods of Stellar Variability from the All-Sky Automated Survey for Supernovae
• Inferring properties of the local white dwarf population in astrometric and photometric surveys
• The Occurrence-weighted Median Planets Discovered by Transit Surveys Orbiting Solar-type Stars and Their Implications for Planet Formation and Evolution
• Multiwavelength Catalog of 10,000 4XMM-DR13 Sources with Known Classifications
• Identification of additional young nearby runaway stars based on Gaia data release 2 observations and the lithium test
• Hubble Space Telescope Snapshot Survey for Resolved Companions of Galactic Cepheids: Final Results
• Evidence for the Late Arrival of Hot Jupiters in Systems with High Host-star Obliquities
• Constraining the shape of Milky Way satellites with distance gradients
• A simple linear model to aid in analyses of the Beta Pictoris moving group
• Gaia astrometric and photometric study of open clusters (Dolidze 18 & Ruprecht 70)
• Photometric and kinematical analysis of Koposov 12 and Koposov 43 open clusters
• AllBRICQS: The Discovery of Luminous Quasars in the Northern Hemisphere
• Dwarfs or giants? Stellar metallicities and distances in the Canada-France-Imaging-Survey from $ugrizG$ multi-band photometry
• Discovery and Characterization of White Dwarf-FGK Main-Sequence Binaries within the Optical Main-Sequence Locus
• Multi-component, axisymmetric dynamical models of dSphs based on distribution functions: inferences on dark matter and intermediate-mass black holes in Draco and Ursa Minor
• The Carina High-Contrast Imaging Project for massive Stars (CHIPS) I. Methodology and proof of concept on QZ Car ($\equiv$ HD93206)