Synthetic observations of first hydrostatic cores in collapsing low-mass dense cores II. Simulated ALMA dust emission maps

Abstract

First hydrostatic cores are predicted by theories of star formation, but their existence has never been demonstrated convincingly by (sub)millimeter observations. Furthermore, the multiplicity at the early phases of the star formation process is poorly constrained. The purpose of this paper is twofold. First, we seek to provide predictions of ALMA dust continuum emission maps from early Class 0 objects. Second, we show to what extent ALMA will be able to probe the fragmentation scale in these objects. Following our previous paper (Commerçon et al. 2012, hereafter paper I), we post-process three state-of-the-art radiation-magneto-hydrodynamic 3D adaptive mesh refinement calculations to compute the emanating dust emission maps. We then produce synthetic ALMA observations of the dust thermal continuum from first hydrostatic cores. We present the first synthetic ALMA observations of dust continuum emission from first hydrostatic cores. We analyze the results given by the different bands and configurations and we discuss for which combinations of the two the first hydrostatic cores would most likely be observed. We also show that observing dust continuum emission with ALMA will help in identifying the physical processes occurring within collapsing dense cores. If the magnetic field is playing a role, the emission pattern will show evidence of a pseudo-disk and even of a magnetically driven outflow, which pure hydrodynamical calculations cannot reproduce. The capabilities of ALMA will enable us to make significant progress towards understanding fragmentation at the early Class 0 stage and discovering first hydrostatic cores.

12 pages, 7 figures, accepted for publication in Astronomy and Astrophysics

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• ALMA observations of the young protostellar system Barnard 1b: signatures of an incipient hot corino in B1b-S
• Survival of interstellar molecules to prestellar dense core collapse and early phases of disk formation
• Chemical and physical characterization of collapsing low-mass prestellar dense cores
• A grid of 1D low-mass star formation collapse models
• Synthetic observations of star formation and the interstellar medium
• The fragmentation properties of massive protocluster gas clumps: an ALMA study
• ALMA detections of the youngest protostars in Ophiuchus
• Evidence for disks at an early stage in class 0 protostars?
• Large-scale numerical simulations of star formation put to the test: Comparing synthetic images and actual observations for statistical samples of protostars
• Testing protostellar disk formation models with ALMA observations
• Detection of Irregular, Sub-mm Opaque Structures in the Orion Molecular Clouds: Protostars within 10000 years of formation?
• Synthetic molecular line observations of the first hydrostatic core from chemical calculations
• ALMA Observations of SMM11 Reveal an Extremely Young Protostar in Serpens Main Cluster
• Insights into the first and second hydrostatic core stages from numerical simulations