Toward understanding the formation of multiple systems - A pilot IRAM-PdBI survey of Class 0 objects

Abstract

The formation process of binary stars and multiple systems is poorly understood. Here, we seek to determine the typical outcome of protostellar collapse and to constrain models of binary formation by core fragmentation during collapse, using high-resolution millimeter continuum imaging of very young (Class 0) protostars observed at the beginning of the main accretion phase. We carried out a pilot high-resolution study of 5 Class 0 objects, using the most extended (A) configuration of the IRAM PdBI at 1.3 mm, which allow us to probe the multiplicity of Class 0 protostars down to separations a ~50 AU and circumstellar mass ratios q ~0.07. We show that our PdBI observations revealed only wide (>1500 AU) protobinary systems and/or outflow-generated features. When combined with previous millimeter interferometric observations of Class 0 protostars, our pilot PdBI study tentatively suggests that the binary fraction in the ~ 75-1000 AU range increases from the Class 0 to the Class I stage. It also seems to argue against purely hydrodynamic models of binary star formation. We briefly discuss possible alternative scenarios to reconcile the low multiplicity rate of Class 0 protostars on small scales with the higher binary fraction observed at later evolutionary stages.

Accepted for publication in Astronomy and Astrophysics. Abstract has been shortened

References in corpus (18)

• A High Order Godunov Scheme with Constrained Transport and Adaptive Mesh Refinement for Astrophysical MHD
• The properties of brown dwarfs and low-mass hydrogen-burning stars formed by disc fragmentation
• Stellar Multiplicity and the IMF: Most Stars Are Single
• Magnetic processes in a collapsing dense core. I Accretion and Ejection
• The Importance of Radiative Feedback for the Stellar Initial Mass Function
• Magnetic Braking and Protostellar Disk Formation: The Ideal MHD Limit
• Bolocam Survey for 1.1 mm Dust Continuum Emission in the c2d Legacy Clouds. II. Ophiuchus
• The impact of magnetic fields on single and binary star formation
• Disk formation during collapse of magnetized protostellar cores
• Magnetic processes in a collapsing dense core. II Fragmentation. Is there a fragmentation crisis ?
• Magnetic Fields and Rotations of Protostars
• Formation Scenario for Wide and Close Binary Systems
• The Spitzer c2d Survey of Nearby Dense Cores: I: First Direct Detection of the Embedded Source in IRAM 04191+1522
• Multiple protostellar systems. II. A high resolution near-infrared imaging survey in nearby star-forming regions
• The Evolution of the Multiplicity of Embedded Protostars II: Binary Separation Distribution & Analysis
• ATCA and Spitzer Observations of the Binary Protostellar Systems CG30 and BHR71
• Protostellar collapse: A comparison between SPH and AMR calculations
• Multiplicity of young stars in and around R Corona Australis

Cited by in corpus (115)

• Stellar Multiplicity
• Gravitational Instabilities in Circumstellar Disks
• On the diversity and statistical properties of protostellar discs
• The VLA/ALMA Nascent Disk and Multiplicity (VANDAM) Survey of Orion Protostars. A Statistical Characterization of Class 0 and I Protostellar Disks
• Protostellar disk formation and transport of angular momentum during magnetized core collapse
• The VLA Nascent Disk and Multiplicity Survey of Perseus Protostars (VANDAM). II. Multiplicity of Protostars in the Perseus Molecular Cloud
• A 0.2 solar mass protostar with a Keplerian disk in the very young L1527 IRS system
• Water in star-forming regions with Herschel (WISH): II. Evolution of 557 GHz 110-101 emission in low-mass protostars
• The Formation of Low-Mass Binary Star Systems Via Turbulent Fragmentation
• Ambipolar diffusion in low-mass star formation. I. General comparison with the ideal MHD case
• Radiation Magnetohydrodynamic Simulations of Protostellar Collapse: Non-Ideal Magnetohydrodynamic Effects and Early Formation of Circumstellar Disks
• SPIRou: nIR velocimetry & spectropolarimetry at the CFHT
• Characterizing young protostellar disks with the CALYPSO IRAM-PdBI survey: large Class 0 disks are rare
• SMA Observations of Class 0 Protostars: A High-Angular Resolution Survey of Protostellar Binary Systems
• Observed luminosity spread in young clusters and Fu Ori stars: a unified picture
• A molecular survey of outflow gas: velocity-dependent shock chemistry and the peculiar composition of the EHV gas
• Does Magnetic Field-Rotation Misalignment Solve the Magnetic Braking Catastrophe in Protostellar Disk Formation?
• Questioning the spatial origin of complex organic molecules in young protostars with the CALYPSO survey
• The VLT/NaCo large program to probe the occurrence of exoplanets and brown dwarfs at wide orbits. IV. Gravitational instability rarely forms wide, giant planets
• Bridging the gap: disk formation in the Class 0 phase with ambipolar diffusion and Ohmic dissipation
• The influence of turbulence during magnetized core collapse and its consequences on low-mass star formation
• Magnetically regulated collapse in the B335 protostar ? I. ALMA observations of the polarized dust emission
• Turbulence-induced disc formation in strongly magnetised cloud cores
• Magnetically self-regulated formation of early protoplanetary discs
• Formation of Magnetized Prestellar Cores with Ambipolar Diffusion and Turbulence
• Extreme Active Molecular Jets in L1448C
• The enigmatic core L1451-mm: a first hydrostatic core? or a hidden VeLLO?
• Early stages of cluster formation: fragmentation of massive dense cores down to ~1000 AU
• A Sub-arcsecond Survey Toward Class 0 Protostars in Perseus: Searching for Signatures of Protostellar Disks
• Modeling the Resolved Disk Around the Class 0 Protostar L1527
• Disk and Envelope Structure in Class 0 Protostars: II. High Resolution Millimeter Mapping of the Serpens Sample
• A Keplerian Circumbinary Disk around the Protobinary System L1551 NE
• The role of magnetic fields in the formation of protostellar discs
• The CALYPSO IRAM-PdBI survey of jets from Class 0 protostars. Are jets ubiquitous in young stars ?
• The Envelope and Embedded Disk around the Class 0 Protostar L1157-mm: Dual-wavelength Interferometric Observations and Modeling
• The VLA/ALMA Nascent Disk and Multiplicity (VANDAM) Survey of Perseus Protostars. VI. Characterizing the Formation Mechanism for Close Multiple Systems
• Disentangling the entangled: Observations and analysis of the triple non-coeval protostellar system VLA1623
• On the reliability of protostellar disc mass measurements and the existence of fragmenting discs
• What determines the formation and characteristics of protoplanetary discs?
• The VLA Nascent Disk and Multiplicity Survey of Perseus Protostars (VANDAM). V. 18 Candidate Disks around Class 0 and I Protostars in the Perseus Molecular Cloud
• Formation and Evolution of Disks around Young Stellar Objects
• Protostellar Disk Formation Enabled by Weak, Misaligned Magnetic Fields
• Synthetic observations of first hydrostatic cores in collapsing low-mass dense cores. I. Spectral energy distributions and evolutionary sequence
• Looking into the hearts of Bok globules: MM and submm continuum images of isolated star-forming cores
• Does the magnetic field suppress fragmentation in massive dense cores?
• Spiral Arms, Infall, and Misalignment of the Circumbinary Disk from the Circumstellar Disks in the Protostellar Binary System L1551 NE
• Angular Momentum Exchange by Gravitational Torques and Infall in the Circumbinary Disk of the Protostellar System L1551 NE
• ALMA observations of a high-density core in Taurus: dynamical gas interaction at the possible site of a multiple star formation
• Active-Region Tilt Angles: Magnetic Versus White-Light Determinations of Joy's Law
• A Spitzer Five-Band Analysis of the Jupiter-Sized Planet TrES-1
• Jet multiplicity in the proto-binary system NGC1333-IRAS4A. The detailed CALYPSO IRAM-PdBI view
• An ALMA Search for Substructure, Fragmentation, and Hidden Protostars in Starless Cores in Chamaeleon I
• Revealing the dynamics of Class 0 protostellar discs with ALMA
• The VLA Nascent Disk And Multiplicity (VANDAM) Survey of Perseus Protostars. Resolving the Sub-Arcsecond Binary System in NGC 1333 IRAS2A
• Angular momentum profiles of Class 0 protostellar envelopes
• The lower limits of disc fragmentation and the prospects for observing fragmenting discs
• VLA and CARMA Observations of Protostars in the Cepheus Clouds: Sub-arcsecond Proto-Binaries Formed via Disk Fragmentation
• The VLA Nascent Disk and Multiplicity Survey: First Look at Resolved Candidate Disks around Class 0 and I Protostars in the Perseus Molecular Cloud
• Orphaned Protostars
• Disc fragmentation rarely forms planetary-mass objects
• Fragmentation, infall, and outflow around the showcase massive protostar NGC7538 IRS1 at 500 AU resolution
• The VLA/ALMA Nascent Disk and Multiplicity (VANDAM) Survey of Orion Protostars V. A Characterization of Protostellar Multiplicity
• Effect of Angular Momentum Alignment and Strong Magnetic Fields on the Formation of Protostellar Disks
• Episodic accretion constrained by a rich cluster of outflows
• SMA observations of the polarized dust emission in solar-type Class 0 protostars: the magnetic field properties at envelope scales
• Mass Assembly of Stellar Systems and Their Evolution with the SMA (MASSES). Multiplicity and the Physical Environment in L1448N
• The Origin of the Stellar Mass Distribution and Multiplicity
• Observation of rotation in star forming regions: clouds, cores, disks, and jets
• Embedded Binaries and Their Dense Cores
• Revealing a detailed mass distribution of a high-density core MC27/L1521F in Taurus with ALMA
• Direct Imaging of a Compact Molecular Outflow from a Very Low-luminosity Object; L1521F-IRS
• The specific angular momentum radial profile in dense cores: improved initial conditions for disk formation
• Radial transport of refractory inclusions and their preservation in the dead zone
• The initial period function of late-type binary stars and its variation
• Characterizing the Youngest Herschel-detected Protostars I. Envelope Structure Revealed by CARMA Dust Continuum Observations
• Orbital and Mass Ratio Evolution of Protobinaries Driven by Magnetic Braking
• Investigating fragmentation of gas structures in OB cluster-forming molecular clump G33.92+0.11 with 1000 AU resolution observations of ALMA
• SPIRou: a nIR spectropolarimeter / high-precision velocimeter for the CFHT
• Evidence for disks at an early stage in class 0 protostars?
• On the fragmentation boundary in magnetised self-gravitating discs
• Molecular Clouds in the North American and Pelican Nebulae: Structures
• Disentangling the jet emission from protostellar systems. The ALMA view of VLA1623
• Evolution of CO lines in time-dependent models of protostellar disk formation
• Substellar-Mass Condensations in Prestellar Cores
• Evidence for Infalling Gas of Low Angular Momentum towards the L1551 NE Keplerian Circumbinary Disk
• Synthetic observations of first hydrostatic cores in collapsing low-mass dense cores II. Simulated ALMA dust emission maps
• An observational correlation between magnetic field, angular momentum and fragmentation in the envelopes of Class 0 protostars?
• IRAS 16253-2429: the First Proto-Brown Dwarf Binary Candidate Identified through Dynamics of Jets
• Discovery of A Binary System in IRAM 04191+1522
• Sub-arcsecond SMA observations of the prototype Class 0 object VLA1623 at 1.3 mm: A single protostar with a structured outflow cavity ?
• L1448-MM observations by the Herschel Key program, "Dust, Ice, and Gas In Time" (DIGIT)
• The effect of external environment on the evolution of protostellar disks
• Circumbinary Disks of the Protostellar Binary Systems in the L1551 Region
• Protostellar disk formation by a non-rotating, non-axisymmetric collapsing cloud: model and comparison with observations
• R CrA SMM1A: Fragmentation in A Prestellar Core
• ORion Alma New GEneration Survey (ORANGES) I. Dust continuum and free-free emission of OMC-2/3 filament protostars
• Constraint on ion-neutral drift velocity in the Class 0 protostar B335 from ALMA observations
• Star Formation and Feedback: A Molecular Outflow-Prestellar Core Interaction in L1689N
• The Near Stellar Environment of Class 0 Protostars: A First Look with Near-Infrared Spectroscopy
• The immediate environment of the Class 0 protostar VLA1623, on scales of ~50-100 AU, observed at millimetre and centimetre wavelengths
• Finding proto-spectroscopic binaries: Precise multi-epoch radial velocities of 7 protostars in rho-Ophiuchus
• A Self-Gravitating Disc Around L1527 IRS?
• Seeds of Life in Space (SOLIS).VII. Discovery of a cold dense methanol blob toward the L1521F VeLLO system
• Building protoplanetary disks from the molecular cloud: redefining the disk timeline
• A submillimeter search for pre- and proto-brown dwarfs in Chamaeleon II
• Collision of molecular outflows in the L1448--C system
• Interactions between brown-dwarf binaries and Sun-like stars
• The uncorrelated long term gamma-ray and X-ray variability of blazars and its implications on disk-jet coupling
• Shell instability of a collapsing dense core
• Variability of the SiO thermal line emission toward the young L1448-mm outflow
• The formation of low-mass stars and brown dwarfs
• Time variability in the bipolar scattered light nebula of L1527 IRS: A possible warped inner disk
• Formation of low-mass stars and brown dwarfs
• Misaligned Circumstellar Disks and Orbital Motion of the Young Binary XZ Tau
• The formation of planets by disc fragmentation