Magnetic Braking and Protostellar Disk Formation: The Ideal MHD Limit

Abstract

Magnetic fields are usually considered dynamically important in star formation when the dimensionless mass-to-flux ratio is close to, or less than, unity (lambda<~1). We show that, in disk formation, the requirement is far less stringent. This conclusion is drawn from a set of 2D (axisymmetric) simulations of the collapse of rotating, magnetized, singular isothermal cores. We find that a weak field corresponding to 1ambda~100 can begin to disrupt the rotationally supported disk through magnetic braking, by creating regions of rapid, supersonic collapse in the disk. These regions are separated by one or more centrifugal barriers, where the rapid infall is temporarily halted. The number of centrifugal barriers increases with lambda. When lambda>~100, they merge together to form a more or less contiguous, rotationally supported disk. Even though the magnetic field in such a case is extremely weak on the scale of dense cores, it is amplified by collapse and differential rotation, to the extent that its pressure dominates the thermal pressure in both the disk and its surrounding region. For relatively strongly magnetized cores with lambda<~10, the disk formation is suppressed completely, as found previously. A new feature is that the mass accretion is highly episodic, due to reconnection of the accumulated magnetic field lines. For rotationally supported disks to appear during the protostellar mass accretion phase of star formation in dense cores with realistic field strengths, the powerful magnetic brake must be weakened, perhaps through nonideal MHD effects and/or protostellar winds. We discuss the possibility of observing a generic product of the magnetic braking, an extended circumstellar region that is supported by a combination of toroidal magnetic field and rotation - a "magnetogyrosphere".

62 pages, 20 figures, submitted to ApJ

References in corpus (32)

• Systematic Molecular Differentiation in Starless Cores
• A High Order Godunov Scheme with Constrained Transport and Adaptive Mesh Refinement for Astrophysical MHD
• Radiation-Hydrodynamic Simulations of Collapse and Fragmentation in Massive Protostellar Cores
• Magnetic Fields in the Formation of Sun-Like Stars
• Efficiencies of Low-Mass Star and Star Cluster Formation
• Massive star formation in 100,000 years from turbulent and pressurized molecular clouds
• Observing the gas temperature drop in the high-density nucleus of L 1544
• Magnetic processes in a collapsing dense core. I Accretion and Ejection
• Collapse of Magnetized Singular Isothermal Toroids: II. Rotation and Magnetic Braking
• The Millennium Arecibo 21-cm Absorption Line Survey. IV. Statistics of Magnetic Field, Column Density, and Turbulence
• Dense Gas and Star Formation: Characteristics of Cloud Cores Associated with Water Masers
• Outflows and Jets from Collapsing Magnetized Cloud Cores
• Magnetohydrodynamical Non-radiative Accretion Flows in Two-Dimensions
• Global MHD Simulation of the Inner Accretion Disk in a Pseudo-Newtonian Potential
• On Why Disks Generate Magnetic Towers and Collimate Jets
• Mechanism of Magnetic Flux Loss in Molecular Clouds
• Collapse of Rotating Magnetized Molecular Cloud Cores and Mass Outflows
• Magnetic processes in a collapsing dense core. II Fragmentation. Is there a fragmentation crisis ?
• Molecular line study of the very young protostar IRAM 04191 in Taurus: Infall, rotation, and outflow
• Magnetic Fields and Rotations of Protostars
• Gravitational collapse of magnetized clouds. I. Ideal MHD accretion flow
• Accretion Discs with Strong Toroidal Magnetic Fields
• Collapse-Driven Outflow in Star-Forming Molecular Cores
• The Spitzer c2d Survey of Nearby Dense Cores: I: First Direct Detection of the Embedded Source in IRAM 04191+1522
• The Stability of Magnetized Rotating Plasmas with Superthermal Fields
• Self-similar Collapse of Rotating Magnetic Molecular Cloud Cores
• Gravitational collapse of magnetized clouds II. The role of Ohmic dissipation
• Disappearance of N2H+ from the Gas Phase in the Class 0 Protostar IRAM 04191
• Magnetically Controlled Spasmodic Accretion During Star Formation. II. Results
• Dynamical Collapse of Nonrotating Magnetic Molecular Cloud Cores: Evolution Through Point-Mass Formation
• Evolution of self-gravitating magnetized disks. II- Interaction between MHD turbulence and gravitational instabilities
• Evaluating the Magnetic Field Strength in Molecular Clouds

Cited by in corpus (183)

• Magnetic fields of non-degenerate stars
• Our astrochemical heritage
• Outflow Feedback Regulated Massive Star Formation in Parsec-Scale Cluster Forming Clumps
• On the diversity and statistical properties of protostellar discs
• The VLA/ALMA Nascent Disk and Multiplicity (VANDAM) Survey of Orion Protostars. A Statistical Characterization of Class 0 and I Protostellar Disks
• Protostellar disk formation and transport of angular momentum during magnetized core collapse
• Radiation Magnetohydrodynamic Simulations of Protostellar Collapse: Protostellar Core Formation
• A Keplerian disk around a Class 0 source: ALMA observations of VLA1623A
• Disk formation during collapse of magnetized protostellar cores
• A Millimeter Continuum Size-Luminosity Relationship for Protoplanetary Disks
• Formation of a Keplerian disk in the infalling envelope around L1527 IRS: transformation from infalling motions to Kepler motions
• Collapse, outflows and fragmentation of massive, turbulent and magnetized prestellar barotropic cores
• Radiation Magnetohydrodynamic Simulations of Protostellar Collapse: Non-Ideal Magnetohydrodynamic Effects and Early Formation of Circumstellar Disks
• Nonideal MHD Effects and Magnetic Braking Catastrophe in Protostellar Disk Formation
• The Fragmentation of Magnetized, Massive Star-Forming Cores with Radiative Feedback
• Analytical theory for the initial mass function: II. Properties of the flow
• Characterizing young protostellar disks with the CALYPSO IRAM-PdBI survey: large Class 0 disks are rare
• Formation Process of the Circumstellar Disk: Long-term Simulations in the Main Accretion Phase of Star Formation
• Effect of Magnetic Braking on the Circumstellar Disk Formation in a Strongly Magnetized Cloud
• Signs of Early-Stage Disk Growth Revealed with ALMA
• Toward understanding the formation of multiple systems - A pilot IRAM-PdBI survey of Class 0 objects
• Hall-effect Controlled Gas Dynamics in Protoplanetary Disks: I. Wind Solutions at the Inner Disk
• Can non-ideal magnetohydrodynamics solve the magnetic braking catastrophe?
• Magnetic Braking and Protostellar Disk Formation: Ambipolar Diffusion
• Protostellar Disk Formation Enabled by Removal of Small Dust Grains
• Magnetohydrodynamic Simulations of Disk Galaxy Formation: the Magnetization of The Cold and Warm Medium
• Magnetic fields during the early stages of massive star formation - I. Accretion and disk evolution
• Protostars: Forges of cosmic rays?
• Effects of Ohmic and ambipolar diffusion on the formation and evolution of the first cores, protostars and circumstellar discs
• Conditions for Circumstellar Disk Formation: Effects of Initial Conditions and Sink Treatment
• Does Magnetic Field-Rotation Misalignment Solve the Magnetic Braking Catastrophe in Protostellar Disk Formation?
• Rotationally-supported disks around Class I sources in Taurus: disk formation constraints
• Bridging the gap: disk formation in the Class 0 phase with ambipolar diffusion and Ohmic dissipation
• Grain growth in the envelopes and disks of Class I protostars
• The influence of turbulence during magnetized core collapse and its consequences on low-mass star formation
• Bimodality of circumstellar disk evolution induced by Hall current
• Turbulence-induced disc formation in strongly magnetised cloud cores
• ALMA Observations of the Transition from Infall Motion to Keplerian Rotation around the Late-phase Protostar TMC-1A
• Magnetically self-regulated formation of early protoplanetary discs
• The role of turbulent magnetic reconnection on the formation of rotationally supported protostellar disks
• Decoupling of Magnetic Fields in Collapsing Protostellar Envelopes and Disk Formation and Fragmentation
• ALMA Observations of Infalling Flows toward the Keplerian Disk around the Class I Protostar L1489 IRS
• Disc formation in turbulent massive cores: Circumventing the magnetic braking catastrophe
• Formation of Magnetized Prestellar Cores with Ambipolar Diffusion and Turbulence
• Transition of the initial mass function in the metal-poor environments
• Interferometric observations of magnetic fields in forming stars
• Formation and Atmosphere of Complex Organic Molecules of the HH 212 Protostellar Disk
• Magnetic Fields in Astrophysical Jets: From Launch to Termination
• Cosmic-ray ionisation in collapsing clouds
• Disk Formation in Magnetized Clouds Enabled by the Hall Effect
• Alignment Between Flattened Protostellar Infall Envelopes and Ambient Magnetic Fields
• Protostellar birth with ambipolar and ohmic diffusion
• Magnetic fields during the early stages of massive star formation - II. A generalised outflow criterion
• Fragmentation of massive dense cores down to ~1000 AU: Relation between fragmentation and density structure
• A Sub-arcsecond Survey Toward Class 0 Protostars in Perseus: Searching for Signatures of Protostellar Disks
• Hall-effect Mediated Magnetic Flux Transport in Protoplanetary Disks
• ALMA Results of the Pseudodisk, Rotating disk, and Jet in Continuum and HCO+ in the Protostellar System HH 212
• The Role of Magnetic Fields in Protostellar Outflows and Star Formation
• The Formation of Population III Stars in Gas Accretion Stage: Effects of Magnetic Fields
• Unveiling the Evolutionary Sequence from Infalling Envelopes to Keplerian Disks around Low-Mass Protostars
• Modeling the Resolved Disk Around the Class 0 Protostar L1527
• ALMA survey of Class II protoplanetary disks in Corona Australis: a young region with low disk masses
• ALMA's Polarized View of 10 Protostars in the Perseus Molecular Cloud
• A Keplerian Circumbinary Disk around the Protobinary System L1551 NE
• The role of magnetic fields in the formation of protostellar discs
• Disk Formation Enabled by Enhanced Resistivity
• There is no magnetic braking catastrophe: Low-mass star cluster and protostellar disc formation with non-ideal magnetohydrodynamics
• Observations of Infalling and Rotational Motions on a 1,000-AU Scale around 17 Class 0 and 0/I Protostars: Hints of Disk Growth and Magnetic Braking?
• The VLA Nascent Disk and Multiplicity Survey of Perseus Protostars (VANDAM). V. 18 Candidate Disks around Class 0 and I Protostars in the Perseus Molecular Cloud
• On the reliability of protostellar disc mass measurements and the existence of fragmenting discs
• Outflows and mass accretion in collapsing dense cores with misaligned rotation axis and magnetic field
• No Keplerian Disk >10 AU around the Protostar B335: Magnetic Braking or Young Age?
• Formation and Evolution of Disks around Young Stellar Objects
• Circumstellar disks and outflows in turbulent molecular cloud cores: possible formation mechanism for misaligned systems
• Protostellar Disk Formation Enabled by Weak, Misaligned Magnetic Fields
• The impact of the Hall effect during cloud core collapse:implications for circumstellar disk evolution
• The early history of protostellar disks, outflows, and binary stars
• Protostellar Accretion Flows Destabilized by Magnetic Flux Redistribution
• The collapse of a molecular cloud core to stellar densities using radiation non-ideal magnetohydrodynamics
• Transition from the Infalling Envelope to the Keplerian Disk around L1551 IRS 5
• The Hall effect in star formation
• The Magnetic Field in the Class 0 Protostellar Disk of L1527
• Highly Ordered and Pinched Magnetic Fields in the Class 0 Proto-Binary System L1448 IRS 2
• Disk Masses for Embedded Class I Protostars in the Taurus Molecular Cloud
• Effect of Grain Size on Differential Desorption of Volatile Species and on Non-ideal MHD Diffusivity
• ALMA resolves the hourglass magnetic field in G31.41+0.31
• ALMA Observations of Polarized 872 $\mu$m Dust Emission from the Protostellar Systems VLA 1623 and L1527
• Searching for kinematic evidence of Keplerian disks around Class 0 protostars with CALYPSO
• The First Two Thousand Years of Star Formation
• Kinematics of the inner thousand AU region around the young massive star AFGL 2591-VLA3: a massive disk candidate?
• The lower limits of disc fragmentation and the prospects for observing fragmenting discs
• The VLA Nascent Disk and Multiplicity Survey: First Look at Resolved Candidate Disks around Class 0 and I Protostars in the Perseus Molecular Cloud
• VLA and CARMA Observations of Protostars in the Cepheus Clouds: Sub-arcsecond Proto-Binaries Formed via Disk Fragmentation
• The role of cosmic rays on magnetic field diffusion and the formation of protostellar discs
• Modeling the magnetic field in the protostellar source NGC 1333 IRAS 4A
• On the Role of Pseudodisk Warping and Reconnection in Protostellar Disk Formation in Turbulent Magnetized Cores
• High-Velocity Jets and Slowly Rotating Envelope in B335
• High Resolution 8 mm and 1 cm Polarization of IRAS 4A from the VLA Nascent Disk and Multiplicity (VANDAM) Survey
• Effect of Angular Momentum Alignment and Strong Magnetic Fields on the Formation of Protostellar Disks
• Disc formation in turbulent cloud cores: is magnetic flux loss necessary to stop the magnetic braking catastrophe or not?
• Dust coagulation feedback on magnetohydrodynamic resistivities in protostellar collapse
• ALMA observations of the very young Class 0 protostellar system HH 211-mms: a 30-au dusty disk with a disk-wind traced by SO?
• The Effect of Misalignment between Rotation Axis and Magnetic Field on Circumstellar Disk
• Observation of rotation in star forming regions: clouds, cores, disks, and jets
• Accretion Phase of Star Formation in Clouds with Different Metallicities
• NICIL: A stand alone library to self-consistently calculate non-ideal magnetohydrodynamic coefficients in molecular cloud cores
• Accretion Flows or Outflow Cavities? Uncovering the Gas Dynamics around Lupus 3-MMS
• An Ordered Magnetic Field in the Protoplanetary Disk of AB Aur Revealed by Mid-Infrared Polarimetry
• The specific angular momentum radial profile in dense cores: improved initial conditions for disk formation
• Magnetic Flux Expulsion in Star Formation
• Does misalignment between magnetic field and angular momentum enhance or suppress circumstellar disk formation?
• Formation, orbital and thermal evolution, and survival of planetary-mass clumps in the early phase of circumstellar disk evolution
• ALMA High Angular Resolution Polarization Study; An Extremely Young Class 0 Source, OMC-3/MMS 6
• Hall Effect in Protostellar Disc Formation and Evolution
• Geometry, Kinematics, and Magnetization of Simulated Prestellar Cores
• The impact of non-ideal magnetohydrodynamic processes on discs, outflows, counter-rotation and magnetic walls during the early stages of star formation
• Ionization: a possible explanation for the difference of mean disk sizes in star-forming regions
• The Mass Evolution of Protostellar Disks and Envelopes in the Perseus Molecular Cloud
• The JCMT BISTRO survey: alignment between outflows and magnetic fields in dense cores/clumps
• Angular momentum loss in the envelope-disk transition region of HH 111 protostellar system: evidence for magnetic braking?
• Hall effect-driven formation of gravitationally unstable discs in magnetized molecular cloud cores
• Binary Star Formation and the Outflows from their Discs
• The Interplay between Ambipolar Diffusion and Hall Effect on Magnetic Field Decoupling and Protostellar Disc Formation
• A Pseudodisk Threaded with a Toroidal and Pinched Poloidal Magnetic Field Morphology in the HH 211 Protostellar System
• A Unified Model for Bipolar Outflows from Young Stars: Kinematic Signatures of Jets, Winds, and Their Magnetic Interplay with the Ambient Toroids
• Orbital and Mass Ratio Evolution of Protobinaries Driven by Magnetic Braking
• The VLA/ALMA Nascent Disk and Multiplicity (VANDAM) Survey of Orion Protostars IV. Unveiling the Embedded Intermediate-Mass Protostar and Disk within OMC2-FIR3/HOPS-370
• Early evolution of disk, outflow, and magnetic field of young stellar objects: Impact of dust model
• A Change of Rotation Profile in the Envelope in the HH 111 Protostellar System: A Transition to a Disk?
• Protostellar collapse of magneto-turbulent cloud cores: shape during collapse and outflow formation
• Confronting 3 Dimensional Time-dependent Jet Simulations with HST Observations
• Dependence of Hall Coefficient on Grain Size and Cosmic Ray Rate and Implication for Circumstellar Disk Formation
• Magnetic field and early evolution of circumstellar disks
• Stellar Spins in the Open Cluster NGC 2516
• Radiation Hydrodynamics using Characteristics on Adaptive Decomposed Domains for Massively Parallel Star Formation Simulations
• Angular Momenta, Magnetization, and Accretion of Protostellar Cores
• Evidence for Infalling Gas of Low Angular Momentum towards the L1551 NE Keplerian Circumbinary Disk
• Determining the physical conditions of extremely young Class 0 circumbinary disk around VLA1623A
• The seeds of supermassive black holes and the role of local radiation and metal spreading
• On the origin of magnetic fields in stars II: The effect of numerical resolution
• A Fast Poisson Solver of Second-Order Accuracy for Isolated Systems in Three-Dimensional Cartesian and Cylindrical Coordinates
• Dust coagulation and fragmentation in a collapsing cloud core and their influence on non-ideal magnetohydrodynamic effects
• A Detached Protostellar Disk around a $\sim$0.2$M_{\odot }$ protostar in a Possible Site of a Multiple Star Formation in a Dynamical Environment in Taurus
• Hubble Space Telescope NICMOS Polarization Observations of Three Edge-on Massive YSOs
• Constraint on ion-neutral drift velocity in the Class 0 protostar B335 from ALMA observations
• Possible Counter Rotation between the Disk and Protostellar Envelope around the Class I Protostar IRAS 04169+2702
• Transition from ordered pinched to warped magnetic field on a 100 au scale in the Class 0 protostar B335
• JCMT POL-2 and ALMA polarimetric observations of 6000-100 au scales in the protostar B335: linking magnetic field and gas kinematics in observations and MHD simulations
• Mid-Infrared Polarization of Herbig Ae/Be Discs
• ALMA Survey of Orion Planck Galactic Cold Clumps (ALMASOP): Evidence for a Molecular Jet Launched at an Unprecedented Early Phase of Protostellar evolution
• Methanol masers reveal the magnetic field of the high-mass protostar IRAS 18089-1732
• Increasing mass-to-flux ratio from the dense core to the protostellar envelope around the Class 0 protostar HH 211
• Alignment of dense molecular core morphology and velocity gradients with ambient magnetic fields
• Impact of turbulence intensity and fragmentation velocity on dust particle size evolution and non-ideal magnetohydrodynamics effects
• Interactions between Gas Dynamics and Magnetic Fields in the Massive Dense Cores of the DR21 Filament
• Linear Stability Analysis of a Magnetic Rotating Disk with Ohmic Dissipation and Ambipolar Diffusion
• Building protoplanetary disks from the molecular cloud: redefining the disk timeline
• Radiation Magnetohydrodynamic Simulations of Protostellar Collapse: Low-Metallicity Environments
• Magnetic Flux Transport by turbulent reconnection in astrophysical flows
• No impact of core-scale magnetic field, turbulence, or velocity gradient on sizes of protostellar disks in Orion A
• Aligned grains and inferred toroidal magnetic fields in the envelopes of massive young stellar objects
• Infall and rotation motions in the HH 111 protostellar system: A flattened envelope in transition to a disk?
• Time Evolution of 3D Disk Formation with Misaligned Magnetic Field and Rotation Axes
• Birth of magnetized low-mass protostars and circumstellar disks
• Dynamic role of dust in formation of molecular clouds
• Synthetic Modelling of Polarized Dust Emission in Intermediate-Mass YSOs: I: Constraining the Role of Iron Inclusions and Inelastic Relaxation on Grain Alignment with ALMA Polarization
• The Luminosity of Population III Star Clusters
• Gravitational Collapse and Disk Formation in Magnetized Cores
• Large Scale Dynamo in a Primordial Accretion Flow -- An Interpretation from Hydrodynamic Simulation
• Insights into the first and second hydrostatic core stages from numerical simulations
• Formation of low-mass stars and brown dwarfs
• Star-forming environments in smoothed particle magnetohydrodynamics simulations I: Clump extraction and properties
• Simulations of the IMF in Clusters
• Generalized Heine Identity for Complex Fourier Series of Binomials
• The Rotation Dip in the Envelope-Disk Transition of HH 111: Evidence for Magnetic Braking
• Numerical Methods for Simulating Star Formation
• Discs, outflows, and feedback in collapsing magnetized cores
• The VLA/ALMA Nascent Disk and Multiplicity (VANDAM) Survey of Orion Protostars VI. Insights from Radiative Transfer Modeling
• Multi-scale Dust Polarization and Spiral-like Stokes-I Residual in the Class I Protostellar System TMC-1A
• Formation of massive multiple-star systems: early migration and mergers
• Effects of magnetic field orientations in dense cores on gas kinematics in protostellar envelopes
• Magnetic reconnection in partially ionized plasmas
• Magnetic fields and Turbulence in Star Formation using Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics