Massive pre-main-sequence stars in M17: and overtone CO bandhead emission and the thermal infrared
arXiv:2305.01436 · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202245658
Abstract
Recently much progress has been made in probing the embedded stages of massive star formation, pointing to formation scenarios akin to a scaled up version of low-mass star formation. However, the latest stages of massive star formation have rarely been observed. Using 1st and 2nd overtone CO bandhead emission and near- to mid-infrared photometry we aim to characterize the remnant formation disks around 5 unique pre-main-sequence (PMS) stars with masses , that have constrained stellar parameters thanks to their detectable photospheres. We seek to understand this emission and the disks it originates from in the context of the evolutionary stage of the studied sources. We use an analytic LTE disk model to fit the CO bandhead and the dust emission, found to originate in different disk regions. For the first time we modeled the 2nd overtone emission. Furthermore, we fit continuum normalized bandheads and show the importance of this in constraining the emission region. We also include in our models as an additional probe of the young nature of the studied objects. We find that the CO emission originates in a narrow region close to the star (<1 AU) and under very similar disk conditions (temperatures and densities) for the different objects. This is consistent with previous modeling of this emission in a diverse range of young stellar objects. We discuss these results in the context of the positions of these PMS stars in the Hertzsprung-Russel diagram and the CO emission's association with early age and high accretion rates in (massive) young stellar objects. We conclude that, considering their mass range and for the fact that their photospheres are detected, the M17 PMS stars are observed in a relatively early formation stage. They are therefore excellent candidates for longer wavelength studies to further constrain the end stages of massive star formation.
arXiv comment21 pages, 12 figures
References in corpus (49)
- SciPy 1.0--Fundamental Algorithms for Scientific Computing in Python
- Array Programming with NumPy
- The Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE): Mission Description and Initial On-orbit Performance
- MESA Isochrones and Stellar Tracks (MIST) 0: Methods for the construction of stellar isochrones
- X-shooter, the new wide band intermediate resolution spectrograph at the ESO Very Large Telescope
- Molecfit: A general tool for telluric absorption correction. I. Method and application to ESO instruments
- Automated data reduction workflows for astronomy
- Absolute Calibration of the Infrared Array Camera on the Spitzer Space Telescope
- The Formation of Massive Star Systems by Accretion
- Molecfit: A general tool for telluric absorption correction II. Quantitative evaluation on ESO-VLT X-Shooter spectra
- The Red MSX Source Survey: the Massive Young Stellar Population of our Galaxy
- Circumventing the radiation pressure barrier in the formation of massive stars via disk accretion
- A spectroscopic survey of Herbig Ae/Be stars with X-Shooter I: Stellar parameters and accretion rates
- Disk-mediated accretion burst in a high-mass young stellar object
- Gaia DR2 study of Herbig Ae/Be stars
- Accretion disks in luminous young stellar objects
- A Near-Infrared Spectroscopic Survey of Class I Protostars
- A Keplerian-like disk around the forming O-type star AFGL 4176
- The Physical Natures of Class I and Flat-Spectrum Protostellar Photospheres: A Near-Infrared Spectroscopic Study
- An Unstable Truth: How Massive Stars get their Mass
- G11.92-0.61 MM1: A Keplerian disc around a massive young proto-O star
- Evidence for an inner molecular disk around massive Young Stellar Objects
- Five steps in the evolution from protoplanetary to debris disk
- VLT K-band spectroscopy of massive young stellar objects in (ultra-)compact HII regions
- G11.92-0.61 MM 1: A fragmented Keplerian disk surrounding a proto-O star
- Forming spectroscopic massive proto-binaries by disk fragmentation
- The RMS Survey: Near-IR Spectroscopy of Massive Young Stellar Objects
- CO bandhead emission of massive young stellar objects: determining disc properties
- Homogeneous study of Herbig Ae/Be stars from spectral energy distributions and Gaia EDR3
- Infrared spectroscopy of eruptive variable protostars from VVV
- Investigating the inner discs of Herbig Ae/Be stars with CO bandhead and Br Gamma emission
- Probing discs around massive young stellar objects with CO first overtone emission
- Massive pre-main sequence stars in M17
- The GRAVITY young stellar object survey. II. First spatially resolved observations of the CO bandhead emission in a high-mass YSO
- Medium resolution near-infrared spectroscopy of Massive Young Stellar Objects
- Probing planet formation and disk substructures in the inner disk of Herbig Ae stars with CO rovibrational emission
- Exploring the dimming event of RW Aur A through multi-epoch VLT/X-Shooter spectroscopy
- Blinded by the light: on the relationship between CO first overtone emission and mass accretion rate in massive young stellar objects
- Surveying the Giant HII Regions of the Milky Way with SOFIA: II. M17
- Emission Mechanism of "Green Fuzzies" in High-mass Star Forming Regions
- Evidence of an evolved nature of MWC 349A
- Unveiling the traits of massive young stellar objects through a multi-scale survey
- The Near Stellar Environment of Class 0 Protostars: A First Look with Near-Infrared Spectroscopy
- A multi-scale exploration of a massive young stellar object - a transition disk around G305.20+0.21?
- A model exploration of NIR ro-vibrational CO emission as a tracer of inner cavities in protoplanetary disks
- Massive pre-main-sequence stars in M17 -- Modelling hydrogen and dust in MYSO disks
- Tying the geometrical traits of massive young stellar objects and their discs to a potential evolutionary sequence using infrared observations
- K-band High-Resolution Spectroscopy of Embedded Massive Protostars
- Intriguing detection of CO molecular emission in a classical Be star