Multiple CO Transitions, CI, and HCN from the Cloverleaf Quasar

Abstract

New millimeter-wavelength emission lines are reported for the Cloverleaf (H1413+117), a gravitationally lensed quasar at redshift 2.56. High signal-to-noise ratio spectra of four lines in CO (J=3-2, J=4-3, J=5-4, and J=7-6) have been obtained and are modeled using an escape probability formalism. The line brightness temperatures are flat or rising between CO(3-2) and CO(4-3) and then drop to the CO(5-4) and CO(7-6) lines; this falloff suggests that the optical depths in the CO lines are modest (tau_{4-3} < 3), and that the gas is relatively warm (T ~ 100 K) and dense (n_H2 > 3 X 10^3 cm^{-3}). The neutral carbon fine structure line CI(3P1-3P0) was detected with moderate SNR on two separate occasions, and appears secure. The HCN(4-3) line is somewhat more tentative, as it was observed only once and detected with moderate SNR. However, its brightness ratio of 0.25 relative to the CO(4-3) line is very similar to the ratio seen in luminous infrared galaxies. The detectability of the Cloverleaf in molecular and neutral atomic transitions is largely due to high emissivity of the gas and magnification from gravitational lensing, rather than an extremely large mass of gas.

14 pages of text, plus two figures. Requires aaspp4.sty, included. To be published in the Astrophysical Journal

References in corpus (1)

• Multiple CO Transitions, CI, and HCN from the Cloverleaf Quasar

Cited by in corpus (88)

• Cool Gas in High Redshift Galaxies
• Molecular Gas at High Redshift
• An interferometric CO survey of luminous submm galaxies
• An ALMA [CII] survey of 27 quasars at z>5.94
• The Intense Starburst HDF850.1 in a Galaxy Overdensity at z=5.2 in the Hubble Deep Field
• The CI lines as tracers of molecular gas, and their prospects at high redshifts
• High-redshift star formation in the ALMA era
• Gas and Dust in the Cloverleaf Quasar at Redshift 2.5
• CO(1-0) in z>2 Quasar Host Galaxies: No Evidence for Extended Molecular Gas Reservoirs
• A Survey of Atomic Carbon at High Redshift
• Star formation in the hosts of high-z QSOs: Evidence from Spitzer PAH detections
• The Spectral Energy Distribution of CO lines in M82
• Molecular hydrogen, deuterium and metal abundances in the damped Ly-alpha system at z = 3.025 toward QSO 0347-3819
• The Rest-Frame Submillimeter Spectrum of High-Redshift, Dusty, Star-Forming Galaxies
• A Theory for the Excitation of CO in Star Forming Galaxies
• CN and HNC Line Emission in IR Luminous Galaxies
• Multiple CO Transitions, CI, and HCN from the Cloverleaf Quasar
• Imaging Atomic and Highly Excited Molecular Gas in a z=6.42 Quasar Host Galaxy: Copious Fuel for an Eddington-Limited Starburst at the End of Cosmic Reionization
• Atomic carbon at redshift ~2.5
• Overluminous HNC Line Emission in Arp220, NGC4418 and Mrk231 - Global IR Pumping or XDRs?
• Using [CI] to probe the Interstellar Medium in z~2.5 Sub-Millimeter Galaxies
• Turbulent Gas in Lensed Planck-selected Starbursts at redshifts 1-3.5
• Carbon monoxide line emission as a CMB foreground: tomography of the star-forming universe with different spectral resolutions
• The Warm Molecular Gas Around the Cloverleaf Quasar
• Molecules in galaxies
• The essential signature of a massive starburst in a distant galaxy
• Prediction of the Cosmic Evolution of the CO-Luminosity Functions
• CO and Dust in PSS2322+1944 at a redshift of 4.12
• A survey of submillimeter C and CO lines in nearby galaxies
• Dust, gas and the evolutionary status of the radio galaxy, 8C1435+635, at z = 4.25
• First CO(17-16) emission line detected in a z > 6 quasar
• Multiple CO lines in SMM J16359+6612 -- Further evidence for a merger
• The Discovery of Gas-Rich, Dusty Starbursts in Luminous Reddened Quasars at $z\sim 2.5$ with ALMA
• Molecular Gas and Star Formation in the Host Galaxy of the QSO I Zw 1
• Near-infrared and Millimeter Constraints on the Nuclear Energy Source of the Infrared Luminous Galaxy NGC 4418
• HCN J=5-4 Emission in APM08279+5255 at z=3.91
• First detections of the [NII] 122 μm line at high redshift: Demonstrating the utility of the line for studying galaxies in the early universe
• Detection of HNC and tentative detection of CN at z=3.9
• PAH emission and star formation in the host of the z~2.56 Cloverleaf QSO
• The MALATANG Survey: the L_gas-L_IR correlation on sub-kiloparsec scale in six nearby star-forming galaxies as traced by HCN J=4-3 and HCO^+ J=4-3
• ALMA Observations of the Submillimeter Dense Molecular Gas Tracers in the Luminous Type-1 Active Nucleus of NGC 7469
• Detecting z > 10 objects through carbon, nitrogen and oxygen emission lines
• Dense Molecular Gas Excitation in Nuclear Starbursts at High Redshift: HCN, HNC, and HCO+(J=6-5) Emission in the z=3.91 Quasar Host of APM08279+5255
• Planck's Dusty GEMS. VII. Atomic carbon and molecular gas in dusty starburst galaxies at z=2 to 4
• The Nature of CO Emission From z~6 Quasars
• Detection of CO(3-2) Emission at z=2.64 from the Gravitationally Lensed Quasar MG 0414+0534
• A new approach for testing variations of fundamental constants over cosmic epochs using FIR fine-structure lines
• Weak 13CO in the Cloverleaf Quasar: evidence for a young, early generation starburst
• The Molecular Disk in the Cloverleaf Quasar
• Atomic Carbon in APM 08279+5255 at z=3.91
• The CO line SED and atomic carbon in IRAS F10214+4724
• Dense Molecular Gas Excitation at High Redshift: Detection of HCO+(J=4-3) Emission in the Cloverleaf Quasar
• A Sensitive Search For [NII] Emission in a z=6.4 Quasar Host Galaxy
• 3.1 $\mu$m H${}_2$O Ice Absorption in LINER-Type Ultraluminous Infrared Galaxies with Cool Far-Infrared Colors: the Centrally-Concentrated Nature of Their Deeply Buried Energy Sources
• Atomic carbon in PSS 2322+1944, a quasar at redshift 4.12
• Starburst activity in the host galaxy of the z=2.58 quasar J1409+5628
• Close-up view of a luminous star-forming galaxy at z=2.95
• Atomic Carbon Emission from Individual Molecular Clouds in M33
• Constraining the ISM properties of the Cloverleaf quasar host galaxy with Herschel spectroscopy
• A magnified view of circumnuclear star formation and feedback around an AGN at z=2.6
• Millimetre/submillimetre-wave emission line searches for high-redshift galaxies
• Red quasars blow out molecular gas from galaxies during the peak of cosmic star formation
• A CO Survey of Gravitationally Lensed Quasars with the IRAM Interferometer
• ALMA Observations of Atomic Carbon [C I] (${{}^3\mathrm{P}}_1\to {{}^3\mathrm{P}}_0$) and Low-$J$ CO Lines in the Starburst Galaxy NGC 1808
• The Fine Line Between Normal and Starburst Galaxies
• Time Delays in the Gravitationally Lensed Quasar H1413+117 (Cloverleaf)
• Detection of Emission from the CN Radical in the Cloverleaf Quasar at z=2.56
• Molecular and atomic line surveys of galaxies II: unbiased estimates of their star formation mode
• A Multiwavelength Study of ELAN Environments (AMUSE${}^2$). Mass budget, satellites spin alignment and gas infall in a massive $z\sim 3$ quasar host halo
• Pinpointing the Molecular Gas within a Lyman Alpha Blob at z ~ 2.7
• Kinematics of Molecular Gas in the Nucleus of NGC1068, from H2 line emission observed with VLT
• New CO and Millimeter Continuum Observations of the z=2.394 Radio Galaxy 53W002
• Dense-gas tracers and carbon isotopes in five 2.5<z<4 lensed dusty star forming galaxies from the SPT SMG sample
• Measuring space-time variation of the fundamental constants with redshifted submillimetre transitions of neutral carbon
• Resolved CO(1-0) emission and gas properties in luminous dusty star forming galaxies at z=2-4
• A search for gravitationally lensed water masers in dusty quasars and star-forming galaxies
• A Search for Dense Gas in Luminous Submillimeter Galaxies with the 100-m Green Bank Telescope
• Molecular gas properties of Q1700-MD94: a massive, main-sequence galaxy at $z\approx 2$
• Infrared fine-structure lines at high redshift
• On the fate of gas in ultraluminous galaxies at low and high redshift
• Discovery of a radio jet in the Cloverleaf Quasar at z = 2.56
• Trends in Molecular Emission from Different Extragalactic Stellar Initial Mass Functions
• Revealing the hidden cosmic feast: A z=4.3 galaxy group hosting two optically dark, efficiently star-forming galaxies
• CO Excitation in High-z Main Sequence Analogues: Resolved CO(4-3)/CO(3-2) Line Ratios in DYNAMO Galaxies
• Remarkably high mass and high velocity dispersion of molecular gas associated with a regular, absorption-selected type-I quasar
• The submillimeter C and CO lines in Henize 2-10 and NGC 253
• Millimeter-Wave Spectroscopy and Mapping of Quasar Hosts, and the Status of ULIRGs as Quasar 2s
• Molecular gas content of gravitational-lensed quasars at cosmic noon