Observational Constraints on the Multiphase Nature of Outflows Using Large Spectroscopic Surveys at $z\sim$0

Abstract

Mass outflow rates and loading factors are typically used to infer the quenching potential of galactic-scale outflows. However, these generally rely on observations of a single gas phase which can severely underestimate the total ejected gas mass. To address this, we use observations of high mass ($⩾$10${}^{10}$ M${}_{\odot }$), normal star-forming galaxies at $z\sim$0 from the MaNGA, xCOLD GASS, xGASS and ALFALFA surveys and a stacking of NaD, H$\alpha$, CO(1-0) and HI 21cm tracers with the aim of placing constraints on an average, total mass outflow rate and loading factor. We find detections of outflows in both neutral and ionised gas tracers, with no detections in stacks of molecular or atomic gas emission. Modelling of the outflow components reveals velocities of $|$v${}_{\text{NaD}}|$=131 km s${}^{-1}$ and $|$v${}_{\text{H}\alpha }|$=439 km s${}^{-1}$ and outflow rates of ${\dot{M}}_{\text{NaD}}$=7.55 M${}_{\odot }$yr${}^{-1}$ and ${\dot{M}}_{\text{H}\alpha }$=0.10 M${}_{\odot }$yr${}^{-1}$ for neutral and ionised gas, respectively. Assuming a molecular/atomic outflow velocity of 200 km s${}^{-1}$, we derive upper limits of ${\dot{M}}_{\text{CO}}<$19.43 M${}_{\odot }$yr${}^{-1}$ and ${\dot{M}}_{\text{HI}}<$26.72 M${}_{\odot }$yr${}^{-1}$ for the molecular and atomic gas, respectively. Combining the detections and upper limits, we find average total outflow rates of ${\dot{M}}_{\text{tot}}\lesssim$27 M${}_{\odot }$yr${}^{-1}$ and a loading factor of ${\eta }_{\text{tot}}\lesssim$6.39, with molecular gas likely contributing $\lesssim$72% of the total mass outflow rate, and neutral and ionised gas contributing $\sim$28% and $<$1%, respectively. Our results suggest that, to first order, a degree of quenching via ejective feedback could occur in normal galaxies when considering all gas phases, even in the absence of an AGN.

arXiv comment13 pages, 9 figures. Accepted for publication in MNRAS

References in corpus (58)

• Maps of Dust IR Emission for Use in Estimation of Reddening and CMBR Foregrounds
• The Host Galaxies of AGN
• The Optical and Near-Infrared Properties of Galaxies: I. Luminosity and Stellar Mass Functions
• Star Formation in AEGIS Field Galaxies since z=1.1 : The Dominance of Gradually Declining Star Formation, and the Main Sequence of Star-Forming Galaxies
• Galactic Winds
• Improving the full spectrum fitting method: accurate convolution with Gauss-Hermite functions
• A Semi-Analytic Model for the Co-evolution of Galaxies, Black Holes, and Active Galactic Nuclei
• Massive Molecular Outflows and Evidence for AGN Feedback from CO Observations
• The Molecular Interstellar Medium in Ultraluminous Infrared Galaxies
• Gas-regulation of galaxies: the evolution of the cosmic sSFR, the metallicity-mass-SFR relation and the stellar content of haloes
• Absorption-Line Probes of Gas and Dust in Galactic Superwinds
• Quasar feedback revealed by giant molecular outflows
• AGN wind scaling relations and the co-evolution of black holes and galaxies
• The Impact of cold gas accretion above a mass floor on galaxy scaling relations
• Outflows in Infrared-Luminous Starbursts at z < 0.5. II. Analysis and Discussion
• Massive molecular outflows and negative feedback in ULIRGs observed by Herschel-PACS
• xCOLD GASS: the complete IRAM-30m legacy survey of molecular gas for galaxy evolution studies
• The Arecibo Legacy Fast ALFA Survey: The ALFALFA Extragalactic HI Source Catalog
• Feedback and Recycled Wind Accretion: Assembling the z=0 Galaxy Mass Function
• xGASS: Total cold gas scaling relations and molecular-to-atomic gas ratios of galaxies in the local Universe
• The distribution of stellar mass in the low-redshift Universe
• Evidence for Ubiquitous Collimated Galactic-Scale Outflows along the Star-Forming Sequence at z~0.5
• The Multiphase Structure and Power Sources of Galactic Winds in Major Mergers
• Demographics and Physical Properties of Gas Out/Inflows at 0.4 < z < 1.4
• Molecular and atomic gas along and across the main sequence of star-forming galaxies
• Cold Molecular Outflows in the Local Universe
• The SINS/zC-SINF survey of z~2 galaxy kinematics: Outflow properties
• Evidence for Wide-Spread AGN Driven Outflows in the Most Massive z~1-2 Star Forming Galaxies
• Outflows in Infrared-Luminous Starbursts at z < 0.5. I. Sample, NaI D Spectra, and Profile Fitting
• The KMOS^3D Survey: Demographics and Properties of Galactic Outflows at z = 0.6 - 2.7
• Absorption-line probes of the prevalence and properties of outflows in present-day star-forming galaxies
• The SINS/zC-SINF survey of z~2 galaxy kinematics: Evidence for powerful AGN-driven nuclear outflows in massive star-forming galaxies
• The physics and the structure of the quasar-driven outflow in Mrk 231
• Quasar-Mode Feedback in Nearby Type 1 Quasars: Ubiquitous Kiloparsec-Scale Outflows and Correlations with Black Hole Properties
• Galaxy-wide outflows: cold gas and star formation at high speeds
• Jet acceleration of the fast molecular outflows in the Seyfert galaxy IC5063
• Deriving a multivariate CO-to-H${}_2$ conversion function using the [CII]/CO(1-0) ratio and its application to molecular gas scaling relations
• The largely unconstrained multiphase nature of outflows in AGN host galaxies
• Widespread star formation inside galactic outflows
• Kiloparsec Scale Properties of Star-Formation Driven Outflows at z~2.3 in the SINS/zC-SINF AO Survey
• Outflows and complex stellar kinematics in SDSS star forming galaxies
• The SAMI Galaxy Survey: extraplanar gas, galactic winds, and their association with star formation history
• An X-ray/SDSS sample (I): multi-phase outflow incidence and dependence on AGN luminosity
• Neutral gas outflows in nearby [U]LIRGs via optical NaD feature
• Another piece of the puzzle: the fast HI outflow in Mrk231
• Two-Face(s): ionized and neutral gas winds in the local Universe
• A Robust Measurement of the Mass Outflow Rate of the Galactic Outflow from NGC 6090
• Systematic study of outflows in the Local Universe using CALIFA: I. Sample selection and main properties
• Properties of ionized outflows in MaNGA DR2 galaxies
• Neutral Gas Outflows and Inflows in Infrared-Faint Seyfert Galaxies
• Outflows in Star-forming Galaxies: Stacking Analyses of Resolved Winds and the Relation to Their Hosts' Properties
• The prevalence and properties of cold gas inflows and outflows around galaxies in the local Universe
• Evolution of Galactic Outflows at $z\sim 0$-$2$ Revealed with SDSS, DEEP2, and Keck spectra
• Feeding the fire: Tracing the mass-loading of 10^7 K galactic outflows with O VI absorption
• Cold-gas outflows in typical low-redshift galaxies are driven by star formation, not AGN
• SDSS-IV MaNGA: The Spectroscopic Discovery of Strongly Lensed Galaxies
• The Tully-Fisher Relation of COLD GASS Galaxies
• Spectroscopic Confusion: Its Impact on Current and Future Extragalactic HI Surveys

Cited by in corpus (20)

• GA-NIFS: A massive black hole in a low-metallicity AGN at $z\sim 5.55$ revealed by JWST/NIRSpec IFS
• SUPER-II: Spatially resolved ionized gas kinematics and scaling relations in z~2 AGN host galaxies
• Star Formation Shut Down by Multiphase Gas Outflow in a Galaxy at a Redshift of 2.45
• JWST Reveals Widespread AGN-Driven Neutral Gas Outflows in Massive z ~ 2 Galaxies
• Frequency and nature of central molecular outflows in nearby star-forming disk galaxies
• The DUVET Survey: Resolved Maps of Star Formation Driven Outflows in a Compact, Starbursting Disk Galaxy
• Cool outflows in MaNGA: a systematic study and comparison to the warm phase
• Intermittent AGN episodes drive outflows with a large spread of observable loading factors
• The observable properties of cool winds from galaxies, AGN, and star clusters -- II. 3D models for the multiphase wind of M82
• Molecular Gas Outflow in the Starburst Galaxy NGC 1482
• An investigation of the circumgalactic medium around z~2.2 AGN with ACA and ALMA
• Supermassive Black Hole Winds in X-rays: SUBWAYS. II. HST UV spectroscopy of winds at intermediate redshifts
• The Baltimore Oriole's Nest: Cool Winds from the Inner and Outer Parts of a Star-Forming Galaxy at z=1.3
• Seeking Self-Regulating Simulations of Idealized Milky Way-Like Galaxies
• SDSS-IV MaNGA: The Nature of an Off-galaxy H$\alpha$ Blob -- A Multi-wavelength View of Offset Cooling in a Merging Galaxy Group
• Kinematics of molecular gas in star-forming galaxies with large-scale ionised outflows
• Fading in the Flow: Suppression of cold gas growth in expanding galactic outflows
• Probing neutral outflows in z ~ 2 galaxies using JWST observations of Ca II H and K absorption lines
• The GECKOS Survey: Resolved, multiphase observations of mass-loading and gas density in the galactic wind of NGC 4666
• Multiphase images of a powerful supernova-driven wind in the early Universe