Primordial or Secondary? Testing models of debris disk gas with ALMA

Abstract

The origin and evolution of gas in debris disks is still not well understood. Secondary gas production from cometary material or a primordial origin have been proposed. So far, observations have mostly concentrated on CO, with only few C observations available. We create an overview of the C and CO content of debris disk gas and use it test state-of-the-art models. We use new and archival ALMA observations of CO and CI emission, complemented by CII data from Herschel, for a sample of 14 debris disks. This expands the number of disks with ALMA measurements of both CO and CI by ten disks. We present new detections of CI emission towards three disks: HD 21997, HD 121191 and HD 121617. We use a simple disk model to derive gas masses and column densities. We find that current state-of-the-art models of secondary gas production overpredict the neutral carbon content of debris disk gas. This does not rule out a secondary origin, but might indicate that the models require an additional C removal process. Alternatively, the gas might be produced in transient events rather than a steady-state collisional cascade. We also test a primordial gas origin by comparing our results to a simplified thermo-chemical model. This yields promising results, but more detailed work is required before a conclusion can be reached. Our work demonstrates that the combination of C and CO data is a powerful tool to advance our understanding of debris disk gas.

arXiv comment90 pages, 60 figures. Accepted for publication in ApJ. version 2: additional acknowledgement. versions 3, 4: minor edits

References in corpus (133)

• SciPy 1.0--Fundamental Algorithms for Scientific Computing in Python
• Array Programming with NumPy
• Astropy: A Community Python Package for Astronomy
• emcee: The MCMC Hammer
• Gaia Data Release 2. Summary of the contents and survey properties
• The Astropy Project: Building an inclusive, open-science project and status of the v2.0 core package
• The Gaia mission
• The Astropy Project: Sustaining and Growing a Community-oriented Open-source Project and the Latest Major Release (v5.0) of the Core Package
• Validation of the new Hipparcos reduction
• Herschel Space Observatory - An ESA facility for far-infrared and submillimetre astronomy
• The Photodetector Array Camera and Spectrometer (PACS) on the Herschel Space Observatory
• CASA, the Common Astronomy Software Applications for Radio Astronomy
• A probable giant planet imaged in the Beta Pictoris disk
• The photodissociation and chemistry of CO isotopologues: applications to interstellar clouds and circumstellar disks
• Contributions to the Nearby Stars (NStars) Project: Spectroscopy of Stars Earlier than M0 within 40 parsecs: The Southern Sample
• A model for atomic and molecular interstellar gas: The Meudon PDR code
• Photodissociation and photoionisation of atoms and molecules of astrophysical interest
• A self-consistent, absolute isochronal age scale for young moving groups in the solar neighbourhood
• The Star-formation History and Accretion-Disk Fraction Among the K-Type Members of the Scorpius-Centaurus OB Association
• An Old Disk That Can Still Form a Planetary System
• On the age of the $\beta$ Pictoris moving group
• Transience of hot dust around sun-like stars
• Early Release Science of the exoplanet WASP-39b with JWST NIRSpec PRISM
• Debris Disks: Structure, Composition, and Variability
• CMasher: Scientific colormaps for making accessible, informative and 'cmashing' plots
• Photodesorption of ices I: CO, N2 and CO2
• Molecular Gas Clumps from the Destruction of Icy Bodies in the $\beta$ Pictoris Debris Disk
• Nearby debris disk systems with high fractional luminosity reconsidered
• Dust Migration and Morphology in Optically Thin Circumstellar Gas Disks
• Volatile carbon locking and release in protoplanetary disks. A study of TW Hya and HD 100546
• A Significantly Low CO Abundance Toward the TW Hya Protoplanetary Disk: A Path to Active Carbon Chemistry?
• Disk evolution in the solar neighborhood. I Disk frequencies from 1 to 100 Myr
• A 40 Myr Old Gaseous Circumstellar Disk at 49 Ceti: Massive CO-Rich Comet Clouds at Young A-Type Stars
• The Carbon-Rich Gas in the Beta Pictoris Circumstellar Disk
• Exocometary gas in the HD 181327 debris ring
• Predictions for the secondary CO, C and O gas content of debris discs from the destruction of volatile-rich planetesimals
• ALMA observations of the molecular gas in the debris disk of the 30 Myr old star HD 21997
• Formation of sharp eccentric rings in debris disks with gas but without planets
• Detection of exocometary CO within the 440 Myr-old Fomalhaut belt: a similar CO+CO${}_2$ ice abundance in exocomets and Solar System comets
• Debris from giant impacts between planetary embryos at large orbital radii
• SONS: The JCMT legacy survey of debris discs in the submillimetre
• An icy Kuiper-Belt around the young solar-type star HD 181327
• Debris Disks in the Scorpius-Centaurus OB Association Resolved by ALMA
• Exocometary gas structure, origin and physical properties around $\beta$ Pictoris through ALMA CO multi-transition observations
• Molecular gas in debris disks around young A-type stars
• Systematic Variations of CO Gas Abundance with Radius in Gas-rich Protoplanetary Disks
• Azimuthal asymmetries in the debris disk around HD61005
• Survival of icy grains in debris discs. The role of photosputtering
• ALMA observations of the $\eta$ Corvi debris disc: inward scattering of CO-rich exocomets by a chain of 3-30 M${}_{\oplus }$ planets?
• A self-consistent model for the evolution of the gas produced in the debris disc of $\beta$ Pictoris
• Kuiper Belt-Like Hot and Cold Populations of Planetesimal Inclinations in the $\beta$ Pictoris Belt Revealed by ALMA
• High Resolution HST-STIS Spectra of CI and CO in the Beta Pictoris Circumstellar Disk
• The Spatial Structure of the beta Pictoris Gas Disk
• Braking the Gas in the beta Pictoris Disk
• Gas and dust in the Beta Pictoris Moving Group as seen by the Herschel Space Observatory
• An Empirical Planetesimal Belt Radius - Stellar Luminosity Relation
• Molecular gas in young debris disks
• The Correlation Between Metallicity and Debris Disk mass
• Transiting exocomets detected in broadband light by TESS in the $\beta$ Pictoris system
• Stirring in massive, young debris discs from spatially resolved Herschel images
• Radial Surface Density Profiles of Gas and Dust in the Debris Disk around 49 Ceti
• Herschel Observations of Gas and Dust in the Unusual 49 Ceti Debris Disk
• First optical images of circumstellar dust surrounding the debris disk candidate HD 32297
• Modeling the HD32297 Debris Disk with Far-IR Herschel Data
• Does the Debris Disk around HD 32297 Contain Cometary Grains?
• The Northern Arc of $\epsilon$ Eridani's Debris Ring as Seen by ALMA
• ALMA observations of the narrow HR 4796A debris ring
• Copious Amounts of Hot and Cold Dust Orbiting the Main Sequence A-type Stars HD 131488 and HD 121191
• Imaging [CI] around HD 131835: reinterpreting young debris discs with protoplanetary disc levels of CO gas as shielded secondary discs
• A resolved debris disk around the candidate planet-hosting star HD95086
• Population synthesis of exocometary gas around A stars
• New millimeter CO observations of the gas-rich debris disks 49 Cet and HD 32297
• Herschel HIFI observations of ionised carbon in the β Pictoris debris disk
• ALMA continuum observations of a 30 Myr old gaseous debris disk around HD 21997
• The debris disk host star HD 61005: a member of the Argus Association?
• ALMA Detection of Extended Millimeter Halos in the HD 32297 and HD 61005 Debris Disks
• Carbon Atom Reactivity with Amorphous Solid Water: H${}_2$O Catalyzed Formation of H${}_2$CO
• ALMA resolves CI emission from the $\beta$ Pictoris debris disk
• On the Ubiquity and Stellar Luminosity Dependence of Exocometary CO Gas: Detection around M Dwarf TWA 7
• Exocomets size distribution in the $\beta$ Pictoris planetary system
• The HIP 79977 debris disk in polarized light
• Exocomets: A spectroscopic survey
• Molecular reconnaissance of the $\beta$ Pictoris gas disk with the SMA: a low HCN/(CO+CO${}_2$) outgassing ratio and predictions for future surveys
• Exposing the Gas Braking Mechanism of the beta Pictoris Disk
• Herschel detects oxygen in the beta Pictoris debris disk
• ALMA 1.3 Millimeter Map of the HD 95086 System
• A Possible Icy Kuiper Belt around HD 181327
• Detection of submillimeter-wave [C I] emission in gaseous debris disks of 49 Ceti and Beta Pictoris
• A $75\%$ Occurrence Rate of Debris Discs around F stars in the $\beta$ Pic Moving Group
• Survey of planetesimal belts with ALMA: gas detected around the Sun-like star HD 129590
• The co-existence of hot and cold gas in debris discs
• Discovery of an Edge-on Debris Disk with a Dust Ring and an Outer Disk Wing-tilt Asymmetry
• The vertical structure of debris disks and the impact of gas
• Spatially resolved spectroscopy of the debris disk HD 32297: Further evidence of small dust grains
• The surprisingly low carbon mass in the debris disk around HD 32297
• Photoevaporation of Grain-Depleted Protoplanetary Disks around Intermediate-Mass Stars: Investigating Possibility of Gas-Rich Debris Disks as Protoplanetary Remnants
• New debris disks in nearby young moving groups
• Formation of secondary atmospheres on terrestrial planets by late disk accretion
• New exocomets of $\beta$ Pic
• Debris disks with multiple absorption features in metallic lines: circumstellar or interstellar origin?
• Lack of other molecules in CO-rich debris discs: is it primordial or secondary gas?
• The Age of the Carina Young Association and Potential Membership of HD 95086
• A New "Non-energetic" Route to Complex Organic Molecules in Astrophysical Environments: The C + H${}_2$O $\to$ H${}_2$CO Solid-state Reaction
• Can gas in young debris disks be constrained by their radial brightness profiles?
• ALMA Observations of the HD~110058 debris disk
• First Detection of Hydrogen in the β Pictoris Gas Disk
• The Gemini Planet Imager view of the HD 32297 debris disk
• Chemical analysis of early-type stars with planets
• SCExAO/CHARIS Near-IR High-Contrast Imaging and Integral Field Spectroscopy of the HIP 79977 Debris Disk
• Herschel Observations of Dusty Debris Disks
• Carbon monoxide gas produced by a giant impact in the inner region of a young system
• New constraints on the dust and gas distribution in the LkCa 15 disk from ALMA
• Gas emission from debris disks around A and F stars
• Vertical evolution of exocometary gas: I. How vertical diffusion shortens the CO lifetime
• First Detection of [C I] ${}^3$P${}_1$-${}^3$P${}_0$ Emission from a Protoplanetary Disk
• First sub-arcsecond submillimeter-wave [C I] image of 49 Ceti with ALMA
• VLT imaging of the β Pictoris gas disk
• Deep ALMA Search for CO Gas in the HD 95086 Debris Disc
• Giant Impacts and Debris Disk Morphology
• Constraining the detectability of water ice in debris disks
• A localized kinematic structure detected in atomic carbon emission spatially coincident with a proposed protoplanet in the HD 163296 disk
• The far reaches of the beta Pictoris debris disk
• Modelling the Spatial Distribution and Origin of CO Gas in Debris Disks
• Detection of Nitrogen gas in the $\beta$ Pictoris circumstellar disk
• Atomic Gas in Debris Discs
• Sculpting eccentric debris disks with eccentric gas rings
• Physical conditions of gas components in debris disks of 49 Ceti and HD 21997
• A multi-wavelength study of the debris disc around 49 Cet
• First detection of submillimeter-wave [13C I] 3P1-3P0 emission in a gaseous debris disk of 49 Ceti with ALMA
• A Radiatively Driven Wind from the eta Tel Debris Disk
• Stellar winds can affect gas dynamics in debris disks and create observable belt winds
• High resolution ALMA observation of the ${}^{12}$CO(3-2) and 350 GHz continuum emissions of the debris disc of 49 Ceti
• A Constraint on the Amount of Hydrogen from the CO Chemistry in Debris Disks

Cited by in corpus (15)

• The ALMA survey to Resolve exoKuiper belt Substructures (ARKS) I: Motivation, sample, data reduction, and results overview
• The ALMA survey to Resolve exoKuiper belt Substructures (ARKS) V: Comparison between scattered light and thermal emission
• The ALMA survey to Resolve exoKuiper belt Substructures (ARKS) IV: CO gas imaging and overview
• JWST PRIMER: A deep JWST study of all ALMA-detected galaxies in PRIMER COSMOS -- dust-obscured star-formation history back to z $\simeq$ 7
• An impact-free mechanism to deliver water to terrestrial planets and exoplanets
• The ALMA survey to Resolve exoKuiper belt Substructures (ARKS) VII: Optically thick gas with broad CO gaussian local line profiles in the HD 121617 disc
• Abundance analysis of stars hosting gas-rich debris disks
• The ALMA survey to Resolve exoKuiper belt Substructures (ARKS). X. Interpreting the peculiar dust rings around HD 131835
• The ALMA survey to Resolve exoKuiper belt Substructures (ARKS) VIII: A dust arc and non-Keplerian gas kinematics in HD 121617
• Discovery of carbon monoxide emission from five debris disks around young A-type stars
• Diversity of Exoplanets
• High CO/H2 ratios supports an exocometary origin for a CO-rich debris disk
• HD 44892: The youngest (or oldest?) gas-harbouring debris disc around an intermediate mass star
• Resolving the large exoKuiper belt of the HD 126062 debris disc and extended gas emission in its vicinity
• Water vapor as a probe of the origin of gas in debris disks